Abstract: With the worldwide dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels and increasing concerns over their impact on our planet through greenhouse gas emissions finding an alternative source of clean energy is a global imperative. The solar energy is one source of renewable energy resources, and It has the highest potential to contribute substantially to the future of carbon-free power needs. Solar to hydrogen has attracted much attention in the past decade due to its abundance and the spotlessness of hydrogen as fuel for energy usage. However, practically the requirements to convert solar energy to hydrogen, require a stable photocatalyst that’s able to operate efficiently over a wide range of the UV-VIS spectrum. Organic semiconductors have been widely used in hydrogen evolution due to their earth abundance, aqueous stability, and optical absorption that can be tuned to the UV-VIS spectrum. In chapter 3, The effect of different sacrificial regents on hydrogen evolution activity was systemically investigated by using poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) nanoparticles dispersion large and small diameter with Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as stabilizer. Ascorbic acid (AA), diethylamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEOA), and triethylamine mixed with methanol (TEA/MeOH) were chosen as sacrificial reagents. The results indicate that the large diameter give improved efficiency with ascorbic acid, and the small diameter improved activity in the presence of diethylamine. The results indicated that the comparison between different sacrificial reagents is difficult because, the conditions of every experiment is different to another, depending on (the type of photocatalyst used, solubility, activity..) so to date, there is no clear concurrence in which sacrificial reagent is better than others. Photocatalysts formed from a single organic semiconductor typically suffer from inefficient intrinsic charge generation, which leads to low photocatalytic activities. In chapter 4, To overcome this limitation, we have used BTR, O-IDTBR, and PC71BM in binary and tertiary heterojunction nanoparticles between non fullerene donors’ small molecules and fullerene acceptor. The resulting photocatalyst display unprecedentedly a high hydrogen evolution rate over 12000 μmolh-1g-1 under AM 1.5g illumination.

Studiens syfte har varit att experimentellt undersöka om det finns en varumärkesbyggande påverkan vid varumärkesanpassad distributionsförpackning. Teoretiskt har studien utgått från teorier inom kundbaserat varumärkeskapital med utgångspunkt från teorin om Brand EquityDimensions och Brand Value Chain-modellen. Hypotes: Varumärkesanpassad distributionsförpackning har en positiv påverkan på kundbaserat varumärkeskapital, kontra en generiskdistributionsförpackning vid e-handel. Studien har genomförts med en kvantitativ metod där förhållandet mellan varumärkesanpassad och generisk distributionsförpackning jämfördes i förhållande till kundbaserat varumärkeskapital. Insamling av data skedde genom experimentell design, för att kunna acceptera eller förkasta hypotesen, vilken sedan ligger till grund för resultat och analys för studien. Studien visar på att en varumärkesanpassad distributionsförpackning har större positiv påverkan på kundbaserat varumärkeskapital i alla komponenter som används i studien förutom Prispremium. Slutsatsen är således att konsumenters attityder till en varumärkesanpassad distributionsförpackning bidrar till att stärka kundbaserat varumärkeskapital, med undantag för prispremium.

Anisotropic tertiary creep damage formulations have become an increasingly important prediction technique for high temperature components due to drives in the gas turbine industry for increased combustion chamber exit pressures, temperature, and the use of anisotropic materials such as metal matrix composites and directionally-solidified (DS) Ni-base superalloys. Typically, isotropic creep damage formulations are implemented for simple cases involving a uniaxial state of stress; however, these formulations can be further developed for multiaxial states of stress where materials are found to exhibit induced anisotropy. In addition, anisotropic materials necessitate a fully-developed creep strain tensor. This thesis describes the development of a new anisotropic tertiary creep damage formulation implemented in a general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software. Creep deformation and rupture tests are conducted on L, T, and 45°-oriented specimen of subject alloy DS GTD-111. Using the Kachanov-Rabotnov isotropic creep damage formulation and the optimization software uSHARP, the damage constants associated with the creep tests are determined. The damage constants, secondary creep, and derived Hill Constants are applied directly into the improved formulation. Comparison between the isotropic and improved anisotropic creep damage formulations demonstrates modeling accuracy. An examination of the off-axis creep strain terms using the improved formulation is conducted. Integration of the isotropic creep damage formulation provides time to failure predictions which are compared with rupture tests. Integration of the improved anisotropic creep damage produces time to failure predictions at intermediate orientations and any state of stress. A parametric study examining various states of stress, and materials orientations is performed to verify the flexibility of the improved formulation. A parametric exercise of the time to failure predictions for various levels of uniaxial stress is conducted.