Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2018. / Submitted by Robson Amaral (robsonamaral@bce.unb.br) on 2018-05-09T20:13:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_AlexdeMelloFaria.PDF: 3604332 bytes, checksum: aa297b57a0364da325c5d3a36d06ce45 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-06-07T15:16:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_AlexdeMelloFaria.PDF: 3604332 bytes, checksum: aa297b57a0364da325c5d3a36d06ce45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-07T15:16:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_AlexdeMelloFaria.PDF: 3604332 bytes, checksum: aa297b57a0364da325c5d3a36d06ce45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-07 / A presente dissertação avalia três métodos para cálculo da amplitude de tensão cisalhante equivalente utilizada em modelos de fadiga multiaxial baseados na abordagem do plano crítico. Avaliou-se o Método da Mínima Circunferência Circunscrita (MCC), o Método da Caixa (MRH) e o Método do Momento de Inércia (MOI). Com os resultados desses métodos foram aplicados três critérios de fadiga multiaxial: o critério de Susmel e Lazzarin (2002), o critério de Findley (1956) e o critério de Matake (1977). O objetivo foi a avaliação de quais métodos aplicados aos critérios resultam em melhores estimativas de resistência à fadiga multiaxial. Para a validação da análise, foram utilizados dados disponíveis na literatura para espécimes fabricados em ligas de aço submetidos a carregamentos combinados de flexão e torção em iminência de falha por fadiga. Um Índice de Erro (IE), que fornece uma medida da distância entre a previsão dos modelos e os dados experimentais foi utilizado como medida da acurácia nesta análise. Conclui-se que, em um contexto geral, para os dados sob carregamentos síncronos em fase ou fora de fase, os melhores resultados foram obtidos pelo Método MRH aplicado conjuntamente com o modelo de Findley (1956) e, para os dados sob assíncronos, as melhores estimativas foram obtidas quando o MRH foi utilizado juntamente com o modelo de Susmel e Lazzarin (2002). / This thesis evaluate three different methods that calculate the equivalent shear stress amplitude using Multiaxial Fatigue models based on the Critical Plane approach. It was evaluated the Minimum Circumscribed Circle (MCC), the Maximum Rectangular Hull (MRH) and the Moment of Inertia (MOI). With the result of these methods on hands, it was applied three multiaxial fatigue criteria: Susmel and Lazzarin (2002), the Findley (1956) criteria and the Matake (1977) criteria. The aim of this was to evaluate which of these methods applied in these criteria result in the closest estimated of multiaxial fatigue resistance. In order to validate the analysis, it was used available data base to different types of steel loaded to combined torsion and bending at the limit of fatigue failure. In this way, a percentual error index was used to measure how distant the prediction of the criteria was to the empirical result. Therefore, it was showed that the best results were obtained by using the MRH method when applied to the Findley criteria for synchronous loadings and, for asynchronous loadings, the same method using the Susmel and Lazzarin (2002).

Yes / Sheet specimens of a PLLA-based polymer have been extended at a temperature near to the glass transition in both uniaxial and planar tension, with stress relaxation observed for some time after reaching the final strain. Both axial and transverse stresses were recorded in the planar experiments. In all cases during loading, yielding at small strain was followed by a drop in true stress and then strain hardening. This was followed by stress relaxation at constant strain, during which stress dropped to reach an effectively constant level. Stresses were modelled as steady state and transient components. Steady-state components were identified with the long-term stress in stress relaxation and associated with an elastic component of the model. Transient stresses were modelled using Eyring mechanisms. The greater part of the stress during strain hardening was associated with dissipative Eyring processes. The model was successful in predicting stresses in both uniaxial and planar extension over a limited range of strain rate.

El campo de la personalidad es uno de los temas dentro de la psicología que a lo largo de los años no ha recibido consenso entre los investigadores. En la actualidad existen numerosas teorías que intentan aproximarse al constructo, en esta investigación se tomará como punto de partida la estrategia de las disposiciones que asume las características de personalidad de un individuo como más o menos estables a lo largo del tiempo (SánchezLópez y Casullo, 2000) y sirve de base para explicar el surgimiento de la teoría de Theodore Millon, quien da nuevas luces para entender el fenómeno de la personalidad. La personalidad es definida por el autor como un patrón continuo de características psicológicas profundas, que son mayoritariamente inconscientes y difíciles de cambiar y se expresan en casi todas las áreas de funcionamiento del individuo (Millon, 1998 a). Según su modelo, las personas deben pasar por cuatro etapas y cumplir un conjunto paralelo de cuatro tareas para desenvolverse de forma adecuada en la vida. Cada fase evolutiva se recapitula y se expresa ontogenéticamente; en cada etapa se adquieren disposiciones personológicas que representan el equilibrio o la predilección hacia una de las dos tendencias polares del continuum. / Tesis

A novel method of predicting the multiaxial high-cycle fatigue strength of metallic components is proposed and verified for various steel, aluminium and cast iron alloys. The proposed Fatigue Damage Function shows superior multiaxial fatigue strength prediction compared to the established methods of Gough and Pollard, McDiarmid and Carpinteri and Spagnoli. A new material property, the Normal Stress Sensitivity Factor, is also introduced and its applicability is verified according to published test results of sixteen different structural alloys. To highlight the effectiveness of the proposed criterion, for industrial applications, a case study has been conducted on heat-treated and not heat-treated automatic transmission output shafts.

The demand for lightweight materials in automobiles has been motivated by two factors: fuel economy and air pollution reduction. One of the first steps taken in automotive vehicle weight reduction was the use of aluminum alloys for both structural and non-structural parts. Although magnesium alloys, that have one fourth the density of steel and one third that of aluminum, have also been used in automobiles, however, their applications were limited to non-structural parts. Recently, interest has been focused on using magnesium alloys as structural materials for automotive load-bearing components. Load-bearing components in automobiles are usually subjected to multiaxial cyclic loading. Fatigue is considered to be a significant cause of ground vehicle component failure. Therefore, for magnesium alloys to be used for these components, an understanding of their fatigue behaviour is necessary. In this study, series of monotonic and cyclic tests were conducted on smooth specimens machined from AZ31B magnesium extrusion section. Two loading modes were considered in this investigation, axial and torsional. Monotonic tensile and compressive tests were performed at three different orientations, longitudinal (LD), i.e., parallel to the extrusion direction, 45° and transverse (TD) directions. Monotonic torsion tests were performed on specimens that were machined along the LD. Similarly, cyclic axial and torsional as well as multiaxial axial-torsional tests were performed on specimens that that were machined along the LD. Three different phase angles were considered for multiaxial tests: in-phase, and 45° and 90° out-of-phase. It was found that monotonic axial stress-strain behaviour is direction dependent due to the different deformation mechanisms involved. Significant yield anisotropy and sigmoidal-type hardening were observed. Twinning-detwinning deformation was considered as the major cause of these behaviours. On the other hand, monotonic torsional stress-strain curve had a linear hardening behaviour. Cyclic axial behaviour was found to be affected by twinning-detwinning deformation. Its most significant characteristics are: yield asymmetry, power-like hardening in compressive reversal and sigmoidal-type hardening in tensile reversal. This unusual behaviour was attributed to the contribution of three different deformation mechanisms: slip, twinning and detwinning. Due to yield asymmetry, significant positive mean stress was observed especially at LCF. Cyclic hardening was also observed and it was found to be associated with a substantial decrease in plastic strain energy density. Cyclic shear behaviour was symmetric and did not exhibit any of the aforementioned behaviours in cyclic axial loading. Two major observations were made from multiaxial tests. First, additional hardening due to nonproportionality was observed. Second, phase angle has no effect on fatigue life. Three fatigue life models were considered for multiaxial fatigue life prediction: Smith-Watson-Topper, Fatemi-Socie and Jahed-Varvani. The first two models are based on strain and are evaluated on specific critical planes. The third model is based on energy densities calculated from hysteresis loops. Strain- and energy-life curves had knees and pronounced plateaus. Therefore, it was not possible to model the entire fatigue life using Coffin-Manson-Type equations. Low cycle fatigue lives were predicted within ۬x scatter bounds using the Fatemi-Socie and the Jahed-Varvani models for all loading conditions which was not the case with Smith-Watson-Topper model. Total energy, the sum of plastic and positive elastic strain energy densities, was found to correlate fatigue lives for several wrought Mg-alloys under different loading conditions.

The demand for lightweight materials in automobiles has been motivated by two factors: fuel economy and air pollution reduction. One of the first steps taken in automotive vehicle weight reduction was the use of aluminum alloys for both structural and non-structural parts. Although magnesium alloys, that have one fourth the density of steel and one third that of aluminum, have also been used in automobiles, however, their applications were limited to non-structural parts. Recently, interest has been focused on using magnesium alloys as structural materials for automotive load-bearing components. Load-bearing components in automobiles are usually subjected to multiaxial cyclic loading. Fatigue is considered to be a significant cause of ground vehicle component failure. Therefore, for magnesium alloys to be used for these components, an understanding of their fatigue behaviour is necessary. In this study, series of monotonic and cyclic tests were conducted on smooth specimens machined from AZ31B magnesium extrusion section. Two loading modes were considered in this investigation, axial and torsional. Monotonic tensile and compressive tests were performed at three different orientations, longitudinal (LD), i.e., parallel to the extrusion direction, 45° and transverse (TD) directions. Monotonic torsion tests were performed on specimens that were machined along the LD. Similarly, cyclic axial and torsional as well as multiaxial axial-torsional tests were performed on specimens that that were machined along the LD. Three different phase angles were considered for multiaxial tests: in-phase, and 45° and 90° out-of-phase. It was found that monotonic axial stress-strain behaviour is direction dependent due to the different deformation mechanisms involved. Significant yield anisotropy and sigmoidal-type hardening were observed. Twinning-detwinning deformation was considered as the major cause of these behaviours. On the other hand, monotonic torsional stress-strain curve had a linear hardening behaviour. Cyclic axial behaviour was found to be affected by twinning-detwinning deformation. Its most significant characteristics are: yield asymmetry, power-like hardening in compressive reversal and sigmoidal-type hardening in tensile reversal. This unusual behaviour was attributed to the contribution of three different deformation mechanisms: slip, twinning and detwinning. Due to yield asymmetry, significant positive mean stress was observed especially at LCF. Cyclic hardening was also observed and it was found to be associated with a substantial decrease in plastic strain energy density. Cyclic shear behaviour was symmetric and did not exhibit any of the aforementioned behaviours in cyclic axial loading. Two major observations were made from multiaxial tests. First, additional hardening due to nonproportionality was observed. Second, phase angle has no effect on fatigue life. Three fatigue life models were considered for multiaxial fatigue life prediction: Smith-Watson-Topper, Fatemi-Socie and Jahed-Varvani. The first two models are based on strain and are evaluated on specific critical planes. The third model is based on energy densities calculated from hysteresis loops. Strain- and energy-life curves had knees and pronounced plateaus. Therefore, it was not possible to model the entire fatigue life using Coffin-Manson-Type equations. Low cycle fatigue lives were predicted within ۬x scatter bounds using the Fatemi-Socie and the Jahed-Varvani models for all loading conditions which was not the case with Smith-Watson-Topper model. Total energy, the sum of plastic and positive elastic strain energy densities, was found to correlate fatigue lives for several wrought Mg-alloys under different loading conditions.

La technologie de tissage 3D a été développée comme une réponse à la faible résistance au délaminage des structures de composite stratifiées en insérant des renforts fibreux dans l’épaisseur de la structure. Pourtant, cette technologie ne permet pas de positionner des fibres dans le plan autre que dans les directions à 0° et 90°. Cela implique de faibles résistances au cisaillement dans le plan. Pour cela une technologie de tissage 3D multiaxial a été développée permettant une insertion de fils dans d’autres orientations du plan. Dans cette thèse, une nouvelle technique dédié à produire des préformes 3D multiaxial tissées avec la possibilité de contrôler l’ordre des couches est présentée. Les paramètres des fils constitutifs et de la cellule unitaire des échantillons fabriqués sont mesurés avec l’investigation de la géométrie des fils (section et trajectoire) au sein de la structure. Associé à ces développements expérimentaux, un modèle géométrique, en tant qu’outil de conception permettant de décrire les préformes élaborées, a été développé. Cette modélisation géométrique permet de générer un VER, à l’échelle mésoscopique de la structure. Afin d’évaluer l’influence de ces préformes 3D sur les caractéristiques mécaniques, une chaîne numérique par éléments finis a été mise en place afin de calculer le comportement élastique équivalent. Les résultats sur les propriétés élastiques permettent de quantifier l’apport des fils dans le plan, comparativement aux structures 3D tissées. L’influence de l’ordre des couches dans l’épaisseur est également mis en évidence sur la minimisation des contraintes interlaminaires sur les dans le composite. / 3D weaving technology is developed in response to the poor delamination resistance of laminated composite structures by insertion through the thickness fiber reinforcements. However, this technology is limited relatively to a possibility to insert in-plane yarns oriented other than 0° and 90°. This results in reduction of the in-plane off axis tensile properties and the in-plane shear resistance. Therefore, 3D multiaxis weaving technology has been developed in order to enable this insertion. In the thesis, a novel technique able to produce 3D multiaxis woven preforms is presented with the possibility to control the sequencing of yarn layers. The constitutive yarns and unit cell parameters of the produced samples have been measured with investigation of yarns geometry (cross section shape and path) within the structure, by analyzing the captured micrographs for the samples cross section. Predictive geometrical model has been developed. This model is indispensable design tool providing approximate estimation of the geometrical properties of the dry preforms and composites. Moreover, a geometric modeling approach is improved helping to construct an RVE of this structure as accurate as possible based on the elaborated geometrical characterization. Based on the developed RVE, a mechanical modeling has been also improved and completed using the finite element method serving firstly, to evaluate the bias yarns effect on the elastic stiffness and in-plane off-axis properties in comparison with equivalent 3D orthogonal woven composite. Secondly, it helps to investigate the influence of the in-plane layers sequence on the induced interlaminare stresses at the composite free edges.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2017. / Submitted by Gabriela Lima (gabrieladaduch@gmail.com) on 2017-12-04T17:49:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_GabrielMagalhãesJuvenalAlmeida.pdf: 83803985 bytes, checksum: 8ff18524c3dc296320de503f8217bb6c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-02-01T17:41:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_GabrielMagalhãesJuvenalAlmeida.pdf: 83803985 bytes, checksum: 8ff18524c3dc296320de503f8217bb6c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-01T17:41:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_GabrielMagalhãesJuvenalAlmeida.pdf: 83803985 bytes, checksum: 8ff18524c3dc296320de503f8217bb6c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Eletronorte. / O fenômeno de fadiga por fretting causa enormes prejuízos, principalmente para os setores elétrico e aeronáutico, ao danificar e reduzir a vida útil dos componentes que presenciam este tipo de fadiga, e ainda hoje, muitos dos efeitos causados pelo problema de fadiga por fretting continuam desconhecidos. Este trabalho tem como propósitos principais a validação de metodologias utilizadas para prever a direção de iniciação de trincas no caso de fretting, além de analisar a influência de parâmetros experimentais sobre a direção de propagação destas trincas. Para alcançar tal fim, dados disponíveis na literatura conjuntamente com testes conduzidos pelo autor foram utilizados para comparar os resultados numéricos obtidos combinando as metodologias propostas e critérios multiaxiais (Fatemi-Socie, Smith-Watson-Topper e Modified Curve Wöhler Method) com as direções experimentais de propagação das trincas. Os resultados apontaram que dentre os critérios em estudo, o de SWT se mostrou superior ao atingir os melhores resultados e que a utilização do Método da Distância Crítica trouxe melhora no desempenho desses critérios, inclusive na captura dos efeitos observados pela variação dos parâmetros analisados. / The fretting fatigue phenomenon causes huge losses, mainly to energy and aviation industries, by reducing the life of many components which experience this kind of fatigue and currently, many of the effects caused by the problem of fretting fatigue remain unknown. The main goals of this dissertation are the validation of methodologies used for prediction of crack path propagation on fretting fatigue cases and the analysis of the influence of experimental parameters on the direction of these cracks. To achieve these goals, data available in literature and experimental tests conducted by the author were used to compare the numerical results obtained using different methods and multiaxial criteria (Fatemi-Socie, Smith-Watson-Topper and Modified Wöhler Curve Method) with the experimental results. The results indicate that among the multiaxial criteria in analysis, the SWT has proved itself to be better than the others and the utilization of the Method of Critical Distance has improved the performance of these criteria, as well as the capture of the effects caused by variation of the experimental parameters in study.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2017. / Submitted by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-06-25T17:31:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_MarcusViníciusCostaSá.pdf: 6922970 bytes, checksum: 384a1391e36ce7edb6d2c7966ee1ddff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-06-29T16:36:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_MarcusViníciusCostaSá.pdf: 6922970 bytes, checksum: 384a1391e36ce7edb6d2c7966ee1ddff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-29T16:36:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_MarcusViníciusCostaSá.pdf: 6922970 bytes, checksum: 384a1391e36ce7edb6d2c7966ee1ddff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-25 / Esse trabalho propõe uma reformulação da Teoria da Distância Crítica para previsão de vida à fadiga em componentes entalhados submetidos a carregamentos multiaxiais. Diferentemente da abordagem clássica, para a construção da função que relaciona a distância crítica à vida, foram utilizados parâmetros representativos de modelos de falha sob condições de carregamento multiaxial. Nesse sentido, propôs-se a utilização do parâmetro de Smith-Watson-Topper, PSWT, e do parâmetro de Fatemi-Socie, PFS, para representarem a relação entre a distância crítica e a vida. Na construção do modelo, foi desenvolvido um programa experimental com o objetivo de caracterizar o comportamento à fadiga do material em condições uniaxiais utilizando-se espécimes lisos e entalhados fabricados com a liga Al 7050-T7451. Assim, foram geradas as curvas de Wöhler sob condições de tração-compressão (-N), torção alternada (-N), bem como as curvas que relacionam a vida aos parâmetros PSWT e PFS. Com base nesse conjunto de dados experimentais, foram geradas um total de seis curvas de distância crítica divididas segundo dois critérios distintos: a) condição de carregamento do ensaio (tração-compressão e torção alternada) e b) modelo de falha (tensão principal, tensão cisalhante, parâmetro de Smith-Watson-Topper e parâmetro de Fatemi e Socie). Para a validação do modelo, testes de fadiga utilizando espécimes lisos e entalhados foram conduzidos sob condições de carregamento multiaxial em fase. Também foi desenvolvido um conjunto de algoritmos computacionais para a previsão de vida sob condições multiaxiais. Além dos algoritmos que executam a previsão de vida considerando as curvas de distância critica expressas em termos dos parâmetros PSWT e PFS, implementou-se o algoritmo para a previsão de vida segundo o método da curva de Wöhler modificada (MCWM). Com base nos resultados obtidos numérica e experimentalmente, verificou-se que a metodologia proposta, quando considerado o modelo que melhor representa esse fenômeno, é capaz de realizar previsões de vida com níveis de acerto da ordem de 86,4% para faixa de variação de vida com fator 3. / This thesis proposed a reformulation of the Theory of Critical Distances aiming to predict fatigue life of multiaxial notched specimens subjected to in phase multiaxial fatigue loads. As opposed to the classical approach, for the construction of a function that correlates the critical distance to the fatigue life, it has been used parameters that use models of multiaxial failure. In this sense the parameter of Smith-Watson-Topper, PSWT, and Fatemi-Socie, PFS, are used to represent the relation between critical distance against fatigue life curve. In the of model construction, an experimental program was developed aiming to characterize the fatigue behavior of the material under uniaxial conditions using plain and notched Al 7050-T7451 specimens. In this sence, the Wöhler curves were generated for push-pull (-N) and torsional (-N) load conditions the same way that the curves which correlate the parameters PSWT e PFS were obtained. Based on the set of experimental data, six curves of critical distances where generated according to the following criteria: a) the load condition (push-pull and torsional) and b) the model of failure (principal stress, shear stress, Smith-Watson-Topper and Fatemi-Socie parameters). In order to validate the proposed methodology, a set of multiaxial fatigue tests were carried out using plain and “V” notched specimens. Besides the algorithms designed to life prediction considering critical distance curves expressed in terms of PSWT e PFS parameters, there were also designed an algorithm for life prediction according to the Modified Wöhler Curve Method (MWCM). Taking into account the numerical and experimental results obtained, the proposed methodology was able to realize life predictions up to 86,4% of accuracy in a life variance range with factor 3, according to the chosen failure model.

No description available.