Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-14T14:56:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELLE CAGLIARI DE LIMA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGMET) 2017.pdf: 3778584 bytes, checksum: 74013e9f2e77f7e02dbb6be83101aaf0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T14:56:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELLE CAGLIARI DE LIMA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGMET) 2017.pdf: 3778584 bytes, checksum: 74013e9f2e77f7e02dbb6be83101aaf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29 / Capes / Estudos recentes mostram que o ciclo solar influencia os sistemas meteorológicos estratosféricos e troposféricos, proporcionando assim um novo quadro conceitual que reconsidera a evidência da influência solar no clima. Portanto, a principal proposta desse trabalho é investigar os possíveis efeitos dos ciclos solares nas anomalias da Temperatura da Superfície do Mar (ATSM). Para tanto, utilizou-se dados do número de manchas solares (NMS), proveniente do Royal Observatory of Belgium, de ATSM das áreas dos Niños 1+2, 3, 3.4 e 4, no Pacífico, e das áreas do Atlântico Tropical Norte e Sul, obtidos nos sites do CPC/NCEP/NOAA e do ESRL/NOAA, respectivamente, e de Oscilação Decenal do Pacífico (ODP), do ESRL/NOAA, todos dados mensais no período de dezembro/1949 a janeiro/2017. Objetivando filtrar as oscilações de escala intrasazonal, foi realizada a média móvel de três meses, com valor centrado no mês intermediário para todas as séries. Empregou-se o método dos quantis para classificar os períodos frios, neutros e quentes de cada área, considerando os 25% menores valores como períodos frios, os 25% intermediários como neutros e os 25% superiores como quente. Foram calculadas as médias e os desvios padrões do NMS para cada período e realizado o teste t de Student para comparar estas médias. Dessa forma verificou-se que, nos períodos de máximos do NMS, as ATSM no Pacífico e Atlântico Norte tendem para as condições neutras e as do Atlântico Sul para as frias. Para se verificar detalhes da relação entre as séries de ATSM e NMS, aplicou-se a análise espectral de transformadas Ondaletas Contínuas, Cruzadas e de Coerências, tendo como base a Ondaleta de Morlet. Os resultados demostraram haver influências dos ciclos solares de Hale (256 meses), de Schwabe (128 meses) e do seu segundo harmônico (64 meses) no comportamento das ATSM. Também foi observado que as ATSM nos oceanos Pacífico e Atlântico respondem de forma diferente ao forçante solar. Concluiu-se que os efeitos dos ciclos solares sobre as ATSM se dá de forma não linear, pois ocorreram mudanças de fases entre as séries ao longo do tempo. Quanto à diferença de resposta das ATSM do Pacífico e do Atlântico, ao forçante solar, acredita-se que seja devido à Anomalia Geomagnética do Hemisfério Sul e a fenômenos atmosféricos associados, mas não houve estudos contundentes a esse respeito, tanto que se sugerem pesquisas sobre a influência dos ciclos solares na circulação atmosférica, principalmente, para a região do Atlântico Sul. / Recent studies show that the solar cycle influences stratospheric and tropospheric meteorological systems, thus providing a new conceptual framework that reconsiders the evidence of solar influence on climate. Therefore, the main proposal of this work is to investigate the possible effects of solar cycles on Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA). In order to do so, we used data of sunspot number (SN) from the Royal Observatory of Belgium, SST anomalies in the areas of Niños 1 + 2, 3, 3.4 and 4 in the Pacific, and North Atlantic and South Atlantic, in the Atlantic, obtained from the CPC/NCEP/NOAA and ESRL/NOAA sites, respectively, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), from the ESRL/NOAA, all monthly data during the period of December/1949 to January/2017. A three-month moving average filter was applied on all series to remove the intraseasonal oscillations. The quantile method was used to classify the cold, neutral and warm periods of each area, considering the 25% lower values as cold periods, the 25% intermediate as neutral and the 25% higher as warm. The means and standard deviations of the SN were calculated for each period and Student's t-test was performed to compare these means. It was verified that, in periods of SN maxima, the SSTA in the Pacific and North Atlantic tended to neutral conditions and those from the South Atlantic to the cold. In order to verify details of the relation into the series of SSTA and SN, the spectral analysis of the Continuous Wavelet Transform, Cross-Wavelet Transform and Wavelet Coherence was used, based on Morlet wavelet. The results showed that there were influences of solar cycles of Hale (256 months), Schwabe (128 months) and its second harmonic (64 months) in the behavior of SSTA. It has also been observed that the SSTA in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans respond differently to the solar forcing. It was concluded that the solar cycles effects on SSTA occur in a non-linear way, as there were phase changes between the series over time. As for the difference in the response of the Pacific and Atlantic SSTA to the solar forcing, it is believed to be due to the Southern Hemisphere Geomagnetic Anomaly and associated atmospheric phenomena, but there have been no conclusive studies on this matter, so much so that researches are suggested on the influence of solar cycles on the atmospheric circulation, most importantly for the South Atlantic region.

Time and circumstances for the disappearance of Neanderthals and its relationship with the advent of Modern Humans are not yet sufficiently resolved, especially in case of the Iberian Peninsula. Reconstructing palaeoenvironmental conditions during the last glacial period is crucial to clarifying whether climate deteriorations or competition and contacts with Modern Humans played the pivotal role in driving Neanderthals to extinction. A high-resolution loess record from the Upper Tagus Basin in central Spain demonstrates that the Neanderthal abandonment of inner Iberian territories 42 kyr ago coincided with the evolvement of hostile environmental conditions, while archaeological evidence testifies that this desertion took place regardless of modern humans’ activities. According to stratigraphic findings and stable isotope analyses, this period corresponded to the driest environmental conditions of the last glacial apart from an even drier period linked to Heinrich Stadial 3. Our results show that during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 4 and 2 climate deteriorations in interior Iberia temporally coincided with northern hemisphere cold periods (Heinrich stadials). Solely during the middle MIS 3, in a period surrounding 42 kyr ago, this relation seems not straightforward, which may demonstrate the complexity of terrestrial climate conditions during glacial periods.

Time and circumstances for the disappearance of Neanderthals and its relationship with the advent of Modern Humans are not yet sufficiently resolved, especially in case of the Iberian Peninsula. Reconstructing palaeoenvironmental conditions during the last glacial period is crucial to clarifying whether climate deteriorations or competition and contacts with Modern Humans played the pivotal role in driving Neanderthals to extinction. A high-resolution loess record from the Upper Tagus Basin in central Spain demonstrates that the Neanderthal abandonment of inner Iberian territories 42 kyr ago coincided with the evolvement of hostile environmental conditions, while archaeological evidence testifies that this desertion took place regardless of modern humans’ activities. According to stratigraphic findings and stable isotope analyses, this period corresponded to the driest environmental conditions of the last glacial apart from an even drier period linked to Heinrich Stadial 3. Our results show that during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 4 and 2 climate deteriorations in interior Iberia temporally coincided with northern hemisphere cold periods (Heinrich stadials). Solely during the middle MIS 3, in a period surrounding 42 kyr ago, this relation seems not straightforward, which may demonstrate the complexity of terrestrial climate conditions during glacial periods.