Garry Island, approximately 11 kilometres (7 miles) long and 0.8 to 3.2 kilometres (0.5 to 3.2 miles) wide, is located at about latitude 69° 28'N and longitude 135° 42'W in the southern part of the Beaufort Sea. The stratigraphy consists mainly of unconsolidated sands, silts, clays and stony clays which have been intensively deformed by the thrusting action of glacier-ice moving from the south. The deformed sediments are locally overlain by undisturbed sands and gravels containing marine fossils dated at >42,000 years. The absence of any evidence of glacial till on top of the sands suggests that Garry Island lay beyond the northwestern limits of the Laurentide ice sheet during the late-Wisconsin glaciation. Elevated strand-lines, which may be of great antiquity and occur at approximately 7.5 metre (25 feet) intervals to an altitude of almost 46 metres (150 feet), indicate the extent of Pleistocene fluctuations of sea level and the drowning of a pre-existing topography. The development of tundra polygons, in small flats behind sandspits or bars built across the drowned valleys in association with the former sea levels, has imparted a distinctive, stepped longitudinal profile to the stream courses. The tundra vegetation of Garry Island is classified into ten major habitats which are primarily related to drainage conditions and type of geomorphic activity. The island is underlain by permafrost and the thickness of the active layer is greatest, and ground temperatures in this layer are highest, beneath unvegetated surfaces and where the substrate is composed predominantly of mineral soil. Stratigraphic, geomorphic and historic evidence indicates considerable recession of the coastline in recent times. Current rates of retreat, reaching maxima of 10.5 metres (35 feet) per annum, are primarily related to the composition of the permafrost, being greatest in areas of fine-grained sediments, containing high ice contents, with a southerly exposure. Thermal erosion of the permafrost is the dominant process influencing cliff retreat and the primary role of wave action, on a short term basis, is in the removal of thawed debris from the base of the cliffs. Observations of three highly active mudslumps, created by the exposure of segregated ground ice, show that the rate of headwall recession is strongly correlated with ambient air temperatures. Maximum recession occurs where the ice content is high and the slumped debris is frequently removed from the base of the scarp. The cyclic development of a gully system on the ice face is described. The longevity of mudslump activity is prolonged where strong mudflows carry the thawed material away from the foot of the headwall, thus preventing the progressive burial of the scarp face. Mudflow velocities reveal a rhythmic pulsation related to periodic blocking of their channels. Mud levees, bordering the mudflows, result from the progressive bleeding of moisture from, and subsequent stagnation of, the mud rather than as residual features pushed aside by the advancing mudflow. Patterned ground on Garry Island is primarily restricted to non-sorted types. Angular intersections of thermal contraction cracks, representing the incipient stages of tundra polygons, exhibit a preferred tendency toward slightly-oriented, orthogonal systems. The initial micro-relief of earth hummocks is believed to originate through the accentuation of a miniature desiccation/frost crack pattern. Following the establishment of a vegetation cover, their subsequent growth involves further differential frost action and solifluction. Statistical tests show that the height, size and shape of earth hummocks are closely related to their position on the slope profile. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This thesis describes an investigation of space use in least chipmunks at Kluane Lake, in the southwest Yukon. I examined demography, home range and habitat use patterns in the population. Based on live-trapping data from two grids over two summers, mean number of animals on the study area was 22.6/grid, similar to chipmunk numbers measured there over the previous four years. The population was lower than is generally found in the same species further south, although year-to-year stability was typical. Chipmunks preferred open forest and shrub-land to closed-canopy forest, which is also typical of the genus. Home range sizes measured using telemetry averaged 4.86 ha, higher than in any previously published study of the genus. I examined the relationship between social spacing and space use. Home range overlap averaged 93.4%; chipmunks do not appear to defend exclusive core areas. Provoked interactions among neighbours suggested that social dominance was based on age, weight, and breeding condition, rather than ownership of space. Although provoked interactions were generally aggressive, the telemetry data suggest that such behaviour was artifactual. Comparing the encounter frequency of radio-collared animals to that generated by a random model showed that chipmunks avoided encounters, except when harvesting seasonally abundant food. Grid-trapping did not increase food or cover availability enough to affect home range size. There was evidence that the presence of traps affected use distribution but not enough to invalidate trap-based home range estimates. Comparison of trap and telemetry based estimates of home range size yielded no significant differences. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this thesis is to argue that effective economic development planning cannot occur without integrating the planning, policy-making, and programme development processes. The Government of the Northwest Territories' tourism development planning efforts are examined and analysed in an effort to identify the determinants of successful development planning. For a number of decades economic development activity in the Northwest Territories has been based on non-renewable resource extraction. The result has been the creation of an unstable and dependent economy that largely serves the needs of non-residents. Increasingly Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT), like other governments across Canada and around the world, has turned to development planning to deal with the instability and dependency problems that are an inevitable adjunct to non-renewable resource based economies. The Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT) has concluded that tourism can provide some protection from the economic storms that periodically sweep across the non-renewable resource based northern economy. A review of planning, policy, and programme theory indicated that while the three are different they are not discrete fields of study or activity. Rather, they are all integral parts of development planning. Thus, it is necessary, to examine not just government planning documents but also governmental policy and programmes, before commenting upon, and learning from, a government's development planning activities. This thesis has drawn information and examples from a variety of GNWT planning, policy, and programme sources relating to tourism development in the NWT. An examination of these documents and numerous unstructured interviews with those planning the development of the NWT's tourism sector have led to .the following findings: 1. The GNWT has assumed that tourism is an effective tool for diversifying and stabilizing the economy of the NWT. Indeed, it could be said that the GNWT has focused its hopes for an improved economic future on tourism. 2. The quantity and quality of information for planning collected by the GNWT has been 'inadequate'. No information on the tourism perceptions, desires and concerns of NWT residents was collected. 3. The Department of Economic Development and Tourism has recognized the shortage of data as a problem and has taken steps to address it. However, most new data being collected is marketing information with little relevance for policy and programme planning. 4. The goals and objectives of the NWT Tourism Strategy were drafted by technically oriented planners with access to little information on the perceptions, desires and concerns of NWT residents. The Strategy implicitly assumed that tourism would have a positive cost-benefit ratio, that increased tourism would diversify and stabilize the NWT's economic base, and that increased tourism would be well received in the small/remote communities of the Northwest Territories. 5. The GNWT's only formal statement of tourism development policy (the NWT Tourism Strategy) was articulated in Community Based' Tourism: A Strategy for the Northwest Territories Tourism Industry. 6. The GNWT used its Territorial Parks programme as a tool to foster tourism and spread its benefits across the NWT. 7. GNWT tourism planners and policy-makers have unquestioningly accepted the notion of "tourism [as] a desirable industry for the Northwest Territories", without exploring the long term implications of the striving for a tourism dependent economy. 8. The GNWT did not recognize/acknowledge that tourism was/is an export industry that may be subject to many of the unpredictable fluctuations that the primary industries were/are noted for. 9. The Northwest Territories is an example of a jurisdiction in which development planning, at least with regard to tourism development, has not occurred. By removing its planning efforts from the complex socio-economic reality of the Northwest Territories the GNWT's planning efforts can be said to be rational, but also top-down, and technocratic. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

A study was made of the petrology of a variety of underground ice types in permafrost on the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula and Pelly Island, Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T. Ice bodies of a considerable range of ages occur, including some deformed in the Wisconsin glaciation; also permafrost and ice is growing ab initio beneath recently drained lake bottoms. The spectrum of ice body size is also wide, extending from pore-sized particles to beds 25 m thick. The major objective of the study was an understanding of the growth and deformation of such ice bodies from a petrologic viewpoint. Thus several bodies of known, recent, age -were analyzed in order to enumerate features typical of growth. This was possible for icing mounds, tension cracks and active layer ice which grew in winter 1973-74. Growth conditions were inferred in terms of water supply, freezing directions and rates, solute rejection (bubble formation) and crystal size, shape, lattice and dimensional orientation. On the basis of this knowledge of growth features, older and larger ice bodies were studied, and post-solidification characteristics ware analyzed. Soma near-surface ice gave evidence of thermomigration of bubbles, but the major changes in fabric ware due to thermally and mechanically induced stresses. In the case of wedge ice, progressive changes in crystal size, shape, lattice and dimensional orientation ware recognized from the centre to the boundary of the wedge, due to recrystallization and grain growth associated with wedge development. Segregated ice was studied ia pingos and an involuted hill. A pingo core with steeply-dipping beds showed little evidence of flow while broader pingo with a greater pore ice content had undergone some flow in the segregated ice layers. A range of fabrics was found in the involuted hill, optic axis orientations becoming increasingly concentrated normal to compositional layering while dimensional orientations tended towards parallelism with the layering in anticlines in the ice. The influence of bubbles on deformation is pointed out in that larger crystals occur in clear ice and thus have greater intracrystalline slip than in bubbly ice. Where a wedge penetrated such a fold, the fabric changed along the fold limb in a manner symmetrically related to the wedge. Additionally, several near-surface ices ware studied and showed evidence of multiple growth periods, and multiple freezing directions, indicating that the ice grew in enclosed water in frozen material. Thus the complexity of freezing and melting histories may be recognized petro-graphically while it is not readily apparent in the field. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

In the 1970’s the Government of the Northwest Territories was seeking to involve communities in the decisionmaking process about the allocation, priority setting and program and facilities design issues in the sphere of health services. As a result of this desire, relationships were being forged which emphasized a sense of partnership between government at different levels and community groups. In fact, considerable bureaucratic effort was put into the determination of how the communities should provide their participation. This eventually became known, informally at least, as the "community participation methodology". During a forty-one month period (March, 1977 to August, 1980) this methodology was implemented and eventually culminated in the construction of a senior citizens' home in the community of Fort Providence. It is the concern of this thesis to examine that methodology by asking the following question: "How useful and applicable is the Northwest Territories' community participation approach in the planning and development of facilities, specifically for the elderly?" In addressing this question several issues had to be considered. First, what were the objectives of the participants and were they compatible? What were the potential obstacles to the participation process and were they reckoned with? How did the participation process actually occur if, in fact, it did occur? In other words, the efforts of the bureaucrats had to be analyzed in terms of what they hoped to accomplish, how they attempted to accomplish their goal(s) and what they actually achieved. Another problem faced by this examination was the question of theoretical framework. The thesis was a retrospective examination which meant the planners' concepts had to be discussed in terms of theoretical concepts to determine if there is a theoretical basis for the applied concepts and whether or not these strategies were appropriate to this example. It was suggested that the theories of John Foskett, Edmund Burke and Sherri Arnstein were in support of the bureaucrats' efforts. The findings of the examination were that the participants' objectives were compatible; the planners were cognizant of the potential constraints inherent in this project and endeavoured to eliminate or minimize the consequences of these constraints; and, the methodology was successful in achieving participation. With respect to the participation, the thesis concludes that the participation achieved was actually only tokenism and that true participation did not really occur. This then throws the question of utility and applicability of the methodology into doubt. The thesis concludes that everything worked this time because the assumptions of the participants were the same. The thesis closes, however, with a suggestion that the basic assumptions concerning health care are changing. / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate

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The zone of international administration of Tangier represented one of the last examples of a particular form of internationalised control over strategically and couuuercially important territories. The city and hinterland of Tangier came to form a separate administrative entity within a broader series of international treaties which brought Morocco under French and Spanish protection in 1912. This thesis examines the origins and evolution of the diplomatic negotiations which led to the signature of the Statute of Tangier of 1923, its constitutional basis and its implementation over the twelve years for which it was initially valid. The main argument of the thesis is that as a compromise agreement designed to satisfy the diplomatic and commercial interests of the main signatories of the Statute (France, Spain and Great Britain), the practical application of the Statute was not assured of success. As an international instrument it failed to satisfy the theoretical assumptions underlying similar "internationalised" agreements in assuring equal access to the benefits and control of the zone it created. As a constitutional arrangement, it attributed more rights to those powers - and especially France - which enjoyed a prior claim to influence over Morocco. As an example of international law, it encapsulated an often contradictory respect for the sovereignty and integrity of the territories of the Sultan of Morocco with the demands of practical governance and European international relations. Within the first decade of its application, the Statute nevertheless proved to be a durable and flexible instrument. Through the evolution of pragmatic, and often locally-inspired, solutions to problems of interpretation and balance, the first officials of the international administration set the foundations for a régime which endured, in modified forms, until the independence of Morocco in 1956. The precedents established in the period 1923-1935 served not only to define specific relationships between the institutions created by the Statute. They also determined the autonomy of Tangier relative to the other zones of Morocco, thanks largely to the defence by individual officials of the interests of the Tangier zone.

Vitamin A, protein, iron, zinc, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were studied in the food system of the Sahtu (Hareskin) Dene/Metis of Fort Good Hope (FGH) and Colville Lake (CL), NWT. Traditional foods contributed significantly more (p 00% of the Canadian Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) for protein, iron, and zinc but vitamin A consumption was generally $<$50% RNI. In all seasons, market foods provided significantly more vitamin A (p $ le$ 0.05) than traditional foods for FGH adults. Body weights were assessed for comparison of PCB intakes with the tolerable daily intake level (TDI) $(<$1 ug/kg body wt/day). Women $ ge$19 yrs weighed 59.9 $ pm$ 10.7 kg while men weighed 71.7 $ pm$ 11.4 kg. Most of the adult population consumed $<$25% TDI for PCBs.