La rencontre entre une couche limite laminaire se développant sur une plaque plane sous une surface libre et un obstacle rectangulaire émergent mène à l’apparition d’une zone de recirculation complexe appelée tourbillon en fer à cheval à l’amont de l’obstacle. Cette zone de recirculation est composée d’un certain nombre de vortex s’enroulant autour de l’obstacle et pouvant présenter des dynamiques variées. Le but de ce travail est de réaliser une étude expérimentale paramétrique du tourbillon en fer à cheval laminaire et faiblement turbulent. Les mesures sont réalisées par PIV et par trajectographies et des méthodes de détection basés sur la décomposition modale (POD) et la détection des points critiques sont utilisées afin de faciliter l’étude de la dynamique tourbillonnaire. Ce manuscrit se propose de : (i) Déterminer l’évolution des caractéristiques du tourbillon en fer à cheval en fonction des paramètres adimensionnels de l’écoulement. (ii) Mettre en place une typologie des différentes dynamiques exhibées. (iii) Déterminer les mécanismes à l’origine de l’apparition de ces différentes dynamiques à l’aide d’un modèle conceptuel. (iv) Et finalement, étudier l’influence de la longueur de l’obstacle sur le tourbillon en fer à cheval. / A laminar boundary layer developing under a free-surface and interacting with an emerging obstacle lead to the creation of a complex recirculation zone called horseshoe vortex upstream from the obstacle. This recirculation zone is composed of a given number of vortices wrapping around the obstacle with various kind of dynamics. The aim of this work is to perform an experimental parametric study of the laminar, and slightly turbulent horseshoe vortex. Measurements are obtained by PIV and trajectographies and detection method based on modal decomposition (POD) and critical points are used to ease the study of the vortex dynamics. This manuscript intends to : (i) Explain the horseshoe vortex main characteristics evolution with the non-dimensional parameters of the flow. (ii) Define a typology of the different observed vortex dynamics. (iii) Identify the physical mechanisms at the origin of those dynamics through the use of a conceptual model. (iv) And finally, show the influence of the obstacle length on the horseshoe vortex.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:58:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gracia Maria Catelli Anacleto.pdf: 2461146 bytes, checksum: 7d96432b1805db026593065c9dad8b89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-09 / This study aims to investigate the knowledge mobilized by students who have already studied the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC) regarding the concepts of differentiation and integration and its relationship. The FTC is one of the most important topic in any Calculus course according to Segadas (1998). The intention of the study is to evaluate if the mobilization of these concepts occurred in the proper manner for specific questions resolution where necessarily they have to be applied. The research was based on Douady s (1987) theoretical beliefs of the tool-object dialectic and change of frameworks. As support the study was carried through Segadas (1998) research on the understanding of the FTC by students at the end of the course of Calculus. A pilot-questionnaire was applied to students of a Computer Science course in a private University of São Paulo city. In this first inquiry we perceive the participant students had not received the FTC related content in the deep required for our research in this course. Thus we have decide restructure the questionnaire and apply it to a different group of students in the Mathematics Bachelors course where the FTC content was teach deeper due to greater teaching load in the same university. The research found the majority of the students have found difficulties to solve problems where the simple visualization of graphs would solve it without developing extensive algorithms. This findings shows the students obstacles to understand the FTC are related to an incomplete mobilization of differentiation, integration and continuity concepts since to solve the given questions they have only partially used these knowledge. Such fact is probably associated the students habits who do not tend to focus their attention to the conceptual aspects of the theorem but only memorizing the procedures algorithm without reflecting on its applicability. The theoretical fundamentals used revealed an efficient tool in the analysis of the protocols who led us to these conclusions / Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar os conhecimentos mobilizados por alunos que já haviam estudado o Teorema Fundamental do Cálculo (TFC) relativamente aos conceitos de derivada e integral e sua interelação. O TFC, segundo Segadas (1998), é um dos tópicos mais importantes em qualquer curso de Cálculo. Pretendemos com o trabalho avaliar se a mobilização desses conceitos se deu de forma adequada na resolução de questões específicas em que a aplicação desses conceitos era necessária. A pesquisa fundamentou-se nos pressupostos teóricos da dialética ferramenta-objeto e jogos de quadros de Douady (1987). Teve como base a pesquisa realizada por Segadas (1998) sobre a compreensão do TFC pelos alunos ao final do curso de Cálculo. Foi aplicado um questionáriopiloto a alunos do curso da Ciência da Computação de uma universidade particular da cidade de São Paulo. Percebemos nessa primeira investigação que alunos que participaram do estudo piloto não haviam recebido o conteúdo relativo ao TFC com a profundidade requerida pela nossa pesquisa. Reestruturamos o questionário e reaplicamos a um grupo alunos do curso de Licenciatura em Matemática desta mesma universidade, onde esta disciplina é ministrada com maior carga horária. Verificamos que a maioria dos alunos encontrou dificuldades para solucionar problemas em que a simples visualização de gráficos faria com que não necessitassem desenvolver longos algoritmos. Este resultado demonstra que os obstáculos dos estudantes para compreender o TFC estão relacionados com uma incompleta mobilização das noções de derivada, integral e continuidade, uma vez que utilizaram apenas parcialmente esses conhecimentos para a solução das questões apresentadas. Tal fato está provavelmente associado aos hábitos dos estudantes, que tendem a não focar atenção aos aspectos conceituais do teorema, apenas memorizando o algoritmo dos procedimentos sem refletir sobre a sua aplicabilidade. A fundamentação teórica mostrou-se uma ferramenta eficaz na análise dos protocolos que nos conduziram a essas conclusões

Les systèmes de 3G offrent de nouveaux services support (bearer services) à plus hauts débits pour les modes de transmission "paquet". Ces services vont coexister avec la voix (ou d'autres services temps réels), des scénarios de trafic mixte, voix et données, doivent être envisagés. La norme UMTS permet effectivement aux utilisateurs d'avoir plus d'un service activé simultanément. Les différentes classes de trafic augmentent la complexité de la gestion des ressources radios. Dans ce contexte, deux types de fonctions sont étudiés: l'allocation de TFCI et l'ordonnancement de paquets. Leur impact sur la qualité de service (QoS) ainsi que sur la capacité du système est évalué. On propose des améliorations de ces mécanismes dans le but d'augmenter la capacité du système et par conséquent d'améliorer la QoS des utilisateurs. Les études se restreignent au sens montant, c'est à dire aux transmissions du mobile (User Equipment ou UE) vers le réseau. Un premier mécanisme pour lequel un effort d'amélioration est fait, est l'adaptation du lien radio par variation du débit instantané transmis. On simule le cas d'une transmission multiservice (voix et données). L'UE doit partager un débit global qui lui est alloué entre les différents services activés. Ces derniers sont véhiculés dans des radio bearers (tuyaux supports). À chaque intervalle élémentaire de transmission (Transmission Time Interval, TTI), l'UE sélectionne un sous-débit pour chaque bearer; ceci se fait par la sélection d'un "format de transport" à appliquer pendant la durée TTI. Cette procédure s'effectue dans la couche MAC (Medium Access Control); le résultat de la sélection est une combinaison de formats de transport (Transport Format Combination, TFC) que la couche physique doit utiliser. La procédure, nommée sélection de TFC, permet d'adapter la transmission des différents services aux conditions variables de la propagation radio: elle détermine notablement la performance de transmission. L'algorithme de sélection de TFC est tracé dans ses grandes lignes dans la norme. Un de ses principes est de favoriser le trafic temps réel au détriment des services de données par paquet. Cependant, le trafic temps réel peut être perturbé par le trafic de données sous certaines conditions, en particulier pour les mobiles éloignés de la station de base (Node B). On propose un algorithme de sélection de TFC qui limite ces perturbations et qui offre une plus large zone de couverture aux services temps réels. En plus, il améliore la QoS du service de données et le débit effectif de l'UE sans augmenter sa puissance de transmission. Un autre type d'études concerne l'ordonnancement de paquets entre les différents utilisateurs ou UEs. C'est une procédure qui est contrôlée par la partie fixe du réseau. Nous l'étudions principalement par simulation en considérant divers mécanismes ou variations. Un premier mécanisme est nommé fast Variable Spreading Factor (fast VSF): les UEs distants changent rapidement leur facteur d'étalement (SF) afin de conserver une puissance de transmission constante, ce qui vise à stabiliser l'interférence inter-cellulaire. Un deuxième mécanisme étudié est un accès paquet décentralisé (decentralized mode) utilisant une information en retour sur le niveau global d'interférence dans la cellule. Un troisième mécanisme nommé "fast scheduling" (ordonnancement rapide) raccourcit le cycle d'ordonnancement. Les résultats ont montré que dans le cas de faible ou moyenne charge dans la cellule, le mode décentralisé réduit le délai par paquet jusqu'à 25 %. L'ordonnancement rapide augmente la capacité du système jusqu' à 10%. En plus, il améliore la QoS perçue par les utilisateurs en terme de débit par utilisateur et délai par paquet transmis.

M. Tech. (Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science), Vaal University of Technology / Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (wild garlic) has been used in traditional medicine in Southern Africa for the treatment of various ailments. Despite the widespread use and popularity of this medicinal plant as a herbal medicine, there is contradictory evidence regarding the safety and toxicity of the plant. The phytochemical profiling of the plant has also been neglected in research. The determination of chemical constituents present in plant material as well as the potential toxicity found in plants are preliminary steps necessary for the discovery and development of novel therapeutic agents with improved efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of crude extracts from the leaves, stems and roots of T. violacea. This was performed in vitro using aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves, stems and roots. The aim of the study was achieved by three major objectives; (1) to identify the active phytocompounds present in the leaves, stems and roots, (2) to assess the cytotoxicity using the MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cell proliferation assay, and (3) to evaluate the genotoxic potential of the leaf, stem and root water extracts using the Allium cepa assay. A total of 14 phytochemicals were each extracted separately with distilled water and 70% ethanol by maceration from the leaves, stem and roots of T. violacea. The results of the qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that pharmacologically active compounds such as tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, proteins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, phenols and coumarins were present in some organs of T. violacea. However, phlobatannins, leucoanthocyanins, alkaloids, carbohydrates and anthocyanins were absent in all plant parts. Overall, the leaves of the plant contained more active compounds than those present in the stems and roots when both water and 70% ethanol were used as the extractants. The quantitative phytochemical analysis for the Total Flavonoids Content (TFC) and Total Phenolic Contents (TPC) was also assessed. The water (0.027 mg/g) and 70% ethanol (0.053 mg/g) were most effective in extracting flavonoids from the leaves while the least amounts were obtained from the stems and roots. This observation was similar to the TFC were the water extracts of the leaves were the most effective in extracting phenols followed by the stems and roots. The MTT assay was conducted using two cell lines RAW 264.7 and C2C12. The experiment was conducted in triplicates for the leaf, stem and root extracts (water and ethanol) of T. violacea. The experimental design employed a 23 factorial design where three independent variables (concentration, incubation time and type of extracts) were selected using two levels for each variable (high (+) and low (-)). The results illustrated that both the water and ethanol vi extracts only showed a significant reduction in the number of viable cells at the concentration higher than 250 μg/ml treatment for both RAW 264.7 and C2C12 cells. The ethanol extracts from the leaves, stems and roots were found to be toxic towards the RAW 264.7 cells even at lower concentrations at both 24 and 48 h incubation periods (% cell viability < 50%). The water extracts were non-toxic to RAW 264.7 cells except for the water stem extract which showed toxicity after 48 h incubation (IC50 = 9.475 (4.061 to 23.39)). For the C2C12 cells, the lowest potent toxic concentration was 250 μg/ml for the ethanol extract of the stem after 48 h incubation. Overall, the T. violacea plant extracts were non-toxic as percentage cell viability greater than 50% was noted for both extraction solvents in all the plant parts of T. violacea. No cytotoxic activity was observed in all T. violacea plant parts with the C2C12 cell line (IC50 > 30 μg/ml). For the Allium cepa assay, only the water crude extracts of the leaves, stems and roots of T. violacea were used. A similar trend of potent genotoxic activity in the water stem extracts compared to the leaf and root extracts at the concentration ranges studied. Similar to the MTT assay, it is clear from the study that at higher concentrations, the water crude extracts from the leaves, stems and roots of T. violacea is toxic. From this study, it can be concluded that the extraction of compounds using water is more efficient than using ethanol. Overall, the T. violacea leaf extracts extracted the most phytocompounds and showed the highest percentage of viable cells as well as desirable IC50 values. However, preparation of herbal remedies using T. violacea plant extracts should be done with caution due to their possible genotoxic and cytotoxic potential at higher concentrations. This study raises a need to further conduct in vivo cytogenetic studies to ascertain the possible toxic effects of T. violacea crude extracts.