<p>The increasing levels of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Earths atmosphere, caused by human release of CO2, has made it desirable to understand the factors determining the CO2-variation because of CO2’s warming effect on the Earths temperature which will change the premises of all life on earth.</p><p>The purpose of this investigation is to understand the effects of the largest factors of influence on the CO2-concentration - like sea, vegetation and anthropogenic outlets - in the Baltic Sea region, and possible surprises from the results. To be able to do this only from CO2-measurements some assumptions have to be done as starting point. Such are that, besides from the yearly trend of the CO2-concentration and the variation of oceanic influence, monthly variation only is caused by vegetation and that the yearly offset in CO2-levels only is affected by anthropogenic outlets. These factors are together called the local season and will be used for evaluation of the CO2-values for each site. This analysis is done for eight sites surrounding the Baltic Sea region and is compared with results from the site of Östergarnsholm, an island in the Baltic Sea east of Gotland.</p><p>The results show that stations with high vegetational influence has high amplitudes for the local season compared to sites more influenced by sea. This also makes the amplitude to be connected with latitude since sites with longer growing season is surrounded by higher density of vegetation. The minimum for the local season is also dependent on the growing season, since it occurs when the vegetational consumption is largest. Peaks in the local season can be seen in connection with the maximum decay of the natural vegetation in the early winter months, and with the planting and harvest season for agricultural land. Considering the effect from anthropogenic influence a clear connection in the offset of the local season can be seen, with higher offsets for sites of higher anthropogenic influence and vice versa. Anthropogenic influence also seems to give raised values in summer for the local season, indicating that the variation of the local season cannot be simply connected to only vegetational influence. For variability, higher values in the summer months are seen for the anthropogenic sites, while in winter the variability is more similar for all sites. This might be connected with a higher degree of local influence during summers, which for anthropogenic stations leads to high variability due to inhomogenous surroundings.</p><p>For Östergarnsholm we get higher amplitude for the local season than expected, this is partly due to unrepresentatively high amplitudes for the seasons used, but also probably to some degree of underestimation of the vegetational influence. Due to correction of the offset it was not possible to draw any conclusions from this factor, but rather give suggestions of what the correction should be. When analysing the local season for different source areas by WD-classification we see the surprising property that the sector that should be most influenced by land, due to higher values in summer, has a lower amplitude than the sector most influenced by sea. Since it was suggested that anthropogenic influence gives raised values in summer this was suggested as an explanation.</p>

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Tartu, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 167-179).

The increasing levels of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Earths atmosphere, caused by human release of CO2, has made it desirable to understand the factors determining the CO2-variation because of CO2’s warming effect on the Earths temperature which will change the premises of all life on earth. The purpose of this investigation is to understand the effects of the largest factors of influence on the CO2-concentration - like sea, vegetation and anthropogenic outlets - in the Baltic Sea region, and possible surprises from the results. To be able to do this only from CO2-measurements some assumptions have to be done as starting point. Such are that, besides from the yearly trend of the CO2-concentration and the variation of oceanic influence, monthly variation only is caused by vegetation and that the yearly offset in CO2-levels only is affected by anthropogenic outlets. These factors are together called the local season and will be used for evaluation of the CO2-values for each site. This analysis is done for eight sites surrounding the Baltic Sea region and is compared with results from the site of Östergarnsholm, an island in the Baltic Sea east of Gotland. The results show that stations with high vegetational influence has high amplitudes for the local season compared to sites more influenced by sea. This also makes the amplitude to be connected with latitude since sites with longer growing season is surrounded by higher density of vegetation. The minimum for the local season is also dependent on the growing season, since it occurs when the vegetational consumption is largest. Peaks in the local season can be seen in connection with the maximum decay of the natural vegetation in the early winter months, and with the planting and harvest season for agricultural land. Considering the effect from anthropogenic influence a clear connection in the offset of the local season can be seen, with higher offsets for sites of higher anthropogenic influence and vice versa. Anthropogenic influence also seems to give raised values in summer for the local season, indicating that the variation of the local season cannot be simply connected to only vegetational influence. For variability, higher values in the summer months are seen for the anthropogenic sites, while in winter the variability is more similar for all sites. This might be connected with a higher degree of local influence during summers, which for anthropogenic stations leads to high variability due to inhomogenous surroundings. For Östergarnsholm we get higher amplitude for the local season than expected, this is partly due to unrepresentatively high amplitudes for the seasons used, but also probably to some degree of underestimation of the vegetational influence. Due to correction of the offset it was not possible to draw any conclusions from this factor, but rather give suggestions of what the correction should be. When analysing the local season for different source areas by WD-classification we see the surprising property that the sector that should be most influenced by land, due to higher values in summer, has a lower amplitude than the sector most influenced by sea. Since it was suggested that anthropogenic influence gives raised values in summer this was suggested as an explanation.

Diss. Stockholm : Karol. inst.

Habilitationsschrift--Bonn, 1965. / Bibliography: p. 117-124.

Habilitationsschrift--Bonn, 1965. / Bibliography: p. 117-124.

This thesis is an attempt to analyse the relationship between the increasingly popular concept of national resilience and cybersecurity. National resilience is a concept that has permeated the security and policy making realms in recent times. This relationship is examined by using the Baltic nation of Estonia as a model due to the nation being regarded as the 'most digitally advanced in the world'. The main objective of the thesis is to investigate the relationship between cybersecurity and national resilience and discuss the implications of this relationship in the wider security context. The thesis begins by establishing if a nexus exists between the concept of national resilience and cybersecurity. In order to better understand the potential impact cyber security could have on a nation's resilience, it is important to establish the relationship between the two concepts. After the nexus is successfully established, the thesis then charts the development of the concept of resilience within the Estonian national security documents. The aim of this exercise is to demonstrate how the concept of resilience has been transformed over the years within an Estonian context while comparing its trajectory to the wider global trend of the concept. The research technique of content analysis is utilised to...

Yes / This is an article examining the impact of Baltic Germans on foreign policy during the 1920s and 1930s.

The Baltic Sea is a sensitive and unique ecosystem that has been strongly affected by human activity in the area. It is an important cultural and natural resource that contributes with several economic benefits. Among the many documents aiming to protect the Baltic Sea, this thesis concerns two of the action plans; An Agenda for the Baltic Sea Region – Baltic 21 and HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, which are two of the most recognised documents aiming at protecting the Baltic Sea area. The two documents was analysed using three different types of text analysis. As the main goal in all environmental protection is to urge preventive action in protecting the environment, the two documents will be analysed with the aim of investigating whether preventive action is advocated in the protection of the Baltic Sea, even though the region is threatened and have many problems from an environmental point of view. The two documents differ structurally as their approaches differ. The HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) has an ecosystem approach, whiles the Baltic 21 has sustainable development as its primarily approach. The results of the study further show that preventive action is advocated in both documents. However, the BSAP presents a cleared preventive approach and suggests more preventive action than Baltic 21. Baltic 21 lack a clear connection to the Baltic Sea and instead focus in the whole Baltic Sea area. There are few clearly preventive action presented in the protection of the actual Baltic Sea in Baltic 21. Instead the Baltic 21 shows a vague argumentation and few actions aiming at preventing environmental harm to the Baltic Sea.

<p>The Baltic Sea is a sensitive and unique ecosystem that has been strongly affected by human activity in the area. It is an important cultural and natural resource that contributes with several economic benefits. Among the many documents aiming to protect the Baltic Sea, this thesis concerns two of the action plans; An Agenda for the Baltic Sea Region – Baltic 21 and HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, which are two of the most recognised documents aiming at protecting the Baltic Sea area. The two documents was analysed using three different types of text analysis.</p><p>As the main goal in all environmental protection is to urge preventive action in protecting the environment, the two documents will be analysed with the aim of investigating whether preventive action is advocated in the protection of the Baltic Sea, even though the region is threatened and have many problems from an environmental point of view.</p><p>The two documents differ structurally as their approaches differ. The HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) has an ecosystem approach, whiles the Baltic 21 has sustainable development as its primarily approach. The results of the study further show that preventive action is advocated in both documents. However, the BSAP presents a cleared preventive approach and suggests more preventive action than Baltic 21. Baltic 21 lack a clear connection to the Baltic Sea and instead focus in the whole Baltic Sea area. There are few clearly preventive action presented in the protection of the actual Baltic Sea in Baltic 21. Instead the Baltic 21 shows a vague argumentation and few actions aiming at preventing environmental harm to the Baltic Sea.</p>