It is well accepted that casualties incurred as a result of interstate militarized disputes have a significant influence on domestic public opinion and ultimately on foreign policy decision making (FPDM). Although scholars have studied the influence of casualties on FPDM, the major line of research ignores the possibility that different cultural settings may generate different levels of tolerance for human casualties and thereby differentially mediate public reactions. Therefore, I attempt to clarify the impact of cultural factors on interpretation and perception of human casualties in international conflicts by the general public and their implications on consequent foreign policy choices. I specifically examine two socio-cultural factors in the context of two culturally different states, South Korea and the United States. The two cultural factors are (1) the level of individualism vs. collectivism, and (2) the degree of ambiguity intolerance. I argue that the two factors will possibly affect the public’s tolerance of human casualties. I expect that they will affect both the process by which members of the two cultures make decisions and their choices. Cross-national experimental design (in South Korea and the United States) and a comparative case study were employed. Regarding the decision choice, I found that the expected number of casualties were considered in different ways by American students and Korean students. Different from my expectation, the Korean students perceived the expected number of casualties more negatively than the American students. With regard to the process of decision making, the empirical results support the hypotheses that the different levels of intolerance of ambiguity, a cultural factor, will have an impact on the decision process. Specifically, Korean students, who are less tolerant of ambiguity, needed less information to reach a final decision than did American students. Overall, although the results did not completely support cultural accounts, cultural explanation has been proven to be a viable ingredient in explaining the different observed patterns of foreign policy decision making. Specifically, a cultural factor, ambiguity intolerance, had an impact on the process rather than the choice. In addition, this study presents some theoretical implications as well as political implications.

The unprecedented growth of international business has resulted in an increased volume of face-to-face negotiations between parties from different cultures. The importance of cross-cultural negotiation in today¡¦s business environment is reflected in the growing body of negotiation literature. However, there is a notable void in negotiation research regarding the impact of culturally divergent modes of nonverbal communication. The purpose of this paper is to identify the key linkages between the disparate fields of cross-cultural negotiation and nonverbal communication. A model illustrating how key determinants of nonverbal communication affect cross-cultural negotiation is presented. The goal of the model is to provide some valuable insights into how negotiators from diverse backgrounds communicate on a nonverbal level, and how divergences in nonverbal communication affect the negotiation process and outcomes.

­^¤åºK­n By the trend of Globalization and international marketing, it is impossible for us to neglect the different thoughts of marketing ethics among different countries and cultures. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to discuss the role of cultures in the marketing ethical decision-making procedure by using the concept of cross-cultures. Thus, the point of this research is in that when individuals face the dilemma of marketing ethics, the interactions of dilemma of moral intensity, personal moral philosophy and the differences of cultures will influence on individuals' perception, judgement and intention. In this research, We use the questionnaire as a tool to test the hypotheses and use back-translation technique to translate items between Chinese and English. Our samples are selected from Taiwan, American and France MBA students who have similar age and education background in order to lessen the interference of non-cultural factors. Besides, we will use the confirmatory statistics analysis to test the fit of these hypotheses. Findings: 1. We found that there will be a positive relationship among there stages of ethical decision-making under any cultural environment. 2. We found that moral density has a positive relationship with the procedure of ethical decision-making. 3. We found that there will have different relationships among moral philosophy and three stages of ethical decision-making in different countries. 4. we found that different cultures will play different roles in the ethical decision-making procedure. 5.We found that culture has no relationship with moral philosophy.

Abstract Studies of phase speciation of trace metals were conducted in Kaohsiung harbor and coastal areas in April and May 2002. Water samples were collected from three different sampling stations to study the spatial distribution of metal species. Colloidal and truly dissolved subsamples were observed by cross-flow filtration treatment. The results show that TOC of seawater samples ranged from 4.17 mg/L to 7.17 mg/L. For trace metals, zinc had the highest concentration(7.21 £gg/L ¡ã14.14 £gg/L), followed by manganese(3.31 £gg/L ¡ã 11.73 £gg/L), copper(0.28 £gg/L ¡ã 7.57 £gg/L), lead(2.41 £gg/L ¡ã 4.41 £gg/L), nickel(1.78 £gg/L ¡ã 2.97 £gg/L). Highest concentrations of TOC and metals were observed in Kaohsiung harbor(S1), and the values decreased in the order of S1 ¡Ö S2 ¡Ö S3. Distribution of phase speciation of trace metals varied with location. Nickel existed in truly dissolved phase predominately(66 ¢Mat S1, 79.7 ¢Mat S2 and 84.6 ¢Mat S3). For the other metals, either particle or truly dissolved phase was the major species at each sampling station. For zinc, 56.1 ¢Mat S1 was in truly dissolved phase, 68.1 ¢Mat S2 and 59.6 ¢M at S3 were in particulate phase. For copper, 67.5 ¢Mat S1 was in particulate phase, 56.7 ¢Mat S2 and 89.9 ¢Mat S3 were in truly dissolved phase. For manganese, 56.3 ¢Mat S1 was in truly dissolved phase, 79.8 ¢Mat S2 and 72.1 ¢Mat S3 were in particulate phase. For lead, 51.7 ¢Mat S1 and 66.0 ¢Mat S3 were in truly dissolved phase, 63.5 ¢Mat S2 was in particulate phase. The percentages of TOC and metals in colloidal phase of the filter-passing pool were low at all sampling stations and decreased in the order of S1 ¡Ö S2 ¡Ö S3. They were found predominately in truly dissolved fraction. The results also show that Kaohsiung harbor (S1) had the highest percentage of colloidal fraction, followed by coastal water (S2), open sea (S3). Values of partition coefficient between colloids and true solution(Kc ) in the Kaohsiung harbor and nearby coastal areas were lower than the Kc values observed in Galveston Bay during July 1995.

This case study surveys one Taiwan container shipping lines and his agent in South Korea, to discuss the channel management in cross-cultural difference. The case study discuss how the shipping lines use the 4 variables of channel management; incentives, monitoring, trust and commitment to manage the agent¡¦s performance in different two countries¡¦ cultural. We use Hofstede¡¦s typology of cultural dimensions to exam the cultural difference between Taiwan and South Korea. The important results and findings can be summarizes as follows: 1. South Korea should be larger Power Distance than Taiwan. 2. Assigning one owner¡¦s representative would positively affect the agent¡¦s sale performance in the larger Power Distance, stronger Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculine cultural dimensions country. 3. Putting own vessel in the service route could positively affect the agent¡¦s sale performance in the Collectivist cultural dimension country. 4. Changing the service route often would negatively affect the agent¡¦s sale performance in the stronger Uncertainty Avoidance cultural dimension country. 5. Reducing the commitment would negatively affect the agent¡¦s sale performance in the Collectivist and stronger Uncertainty Avoidance cultural dimension country. 6. Reducing the trust would not affect the agent¡¦s sale performance in the larger Power Distance and stronger Uncertainty Avoidance cultural dimension country. 7. The influence of 4 channel management variables are in the channel performance, would be affected by cultural dimensions. Finally, the study would like to conclude 12 suggestions for the case company¡¦s reference.

A Finite Hilbert Basis Set (FHBS) method to calculate the angular and energy distribution of ejected electrons in an ion-atom collision is presented. This method has been applied to the p + H collision at 20 keV impact energy. An interference effect between the exit channels, where electrons are guided out of the collision region by both the residual target proton and the projectile proton, is discovered. Experimental data appears to confirm this result.

Although recent data suggest the existence of anti-fat attitudes, fear of fatness, and maladaptive eating attitudes among Indian women, few researchers have examined the cross-cultural validity of their instruments before assessing Indian samples. The present study assessed the measurement equivalence of three related measures, the Anti-Fat Attitudes Scale, the Goldfarb Fear of Fat Scale, and the Eating Attitudes Test-26, and tested the invariance of latent means among Indian (n = 226) and Euro-American (n = 211) female college students. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses using maximum likelihood estimation with robust standard errors demonstrated reasonable measurement equivalence of the instruments across Indian and Euro-American groups. Confidence interval comparisons of latent means suggested that the Indians and Euro-Americans did not differ significantly in levels of fear of fatness or eating attitudes, but there were some group differences in anti-fat attitudes. Structural equation modeling suggested that fear of fatness and anti-fat attitudes predict about 66% of the variance in Indian eating attitudes; however, these results must be interpreted cautiously due to a poorly fitting measurement model. Results of multiple regression analyses suggested that the eating attitudes of the Indian respondents were not significantly predicted by theirsocioeconomic status or degree of Westernization. In conclusion, these data suggest that there are some similarities, but also some important differences, in the eating-related attitudes and behaviors of Euro-American and Indian women.

Thesis (M.A.)--Western Washington University, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-69). Also issued online.

Inaug.-Diss.--Munich. / Imprint date corrected in manuscript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A. (Counselling Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 146-155).