This study seeks to understand the everyday experiences of Muslim women in public spaces of a multicultural environment. Moreover, it explores how planning should address the experiences of this particular group. The urban context of interest for this study is New York City because it hosts a multitude of immigrants from an array of cultures and ethnicities thus providing an ideal template of a multicultural city. Phenomenology is obviously well suited to a study of the phenomenon of public space for Muslim women in a particular context, and is the research approach adopted here. Based on data collected through semi-structured interviews and cognitive mapping, this study identifies six core themes, all of which address the importance of religion and culture in the way individuals experience the built environment. First, for the participants of this study the neighborhood environment is experienced as a space with its own religious identity. Mosques and Islamic centers are influential in forming this experience. Second, the built environment is also experienced as a cultural space. Arab stores, Arabic signage, and Arabic language are identified as important factors in shaping their cultural experiences. Third, most of the participants experience both Bay Ridge (the study area) and Brooklyn as physically diverse areas. The mixed-use design gives Muslim women an opportunity to move around more conveniently, without being dependent on their male family members. It also facilitates the process of integration for new immigrant women into the host country. Fourth, the participants experience being different from non-Muslims and they describe how the attitude of other people contributes to their feelings and experiences. Fifth, being exposed to people from different cultures, being in a place with racial and ethnic diversity is associated with pleasant experiences for the participants. And sixth, the last theme suggests that women of this study may experience the pressure of representing Islam positively to non-Muslims in public spaces, while at the same time they feel the pressure of upholding reputation and family honor within the community of Arabs. The findings of this study with its multicultural context suggest that the social construct of space is fluid. Gender, the control of space by the state, and the ethnic/racial/religious composition of space all contribute to how public spaces are experienced by users. The predominant presence of men, police, and social homogeneity (Muslim-only environment, White-only neighborhood, etc) makes the participants of this study experience a more private space . A lesser prevalence of men, less control of space by police, and more exposure to people from different ethnic and religious groups make spaces feel more public to the Muslim women of this study. The study's findings also suggest which places help women create meaning out of their neighborhood lives; mosques, parks and ocean views, ethnic avenues (with an emphasis on Arabic language), shopping centers (the street as a shopping district), and home appeared on almost all women's maps. There were also meaningful places to which women are not welcomed. These places were under the control of Arab men of the neighborhood, through the mechanism of their gaze. As others have advocated, the findings of this study suggest that planners should design spaces in such a way that people of different ethnicities, with different sets of values, have the opportunity to encounter each other. This would promote recognition of individuals who may feel marginalized. For Muslim women in particular, it would require ensuring that services are provided in a manner that allows Muslim women to benefit, i.e. that fits their beliefs. For example, a more visible design of parks and enough lighting as well as an appropriate location (for instance close to mosques or other cultural-religious spaces) would make services more accessible to this group of individuals. This type of planning might also suggest advocating ethno-religious festivals, which can further the recognition of the ethnic or religious values of Arab Muslims and educate non-Arabs and non-Muslims about them. The involvement of ethnic organizations in community planning boards (or at least advocating for them) may be a key factor in integrating minorities into the planning processes. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Urban and Regional Planning in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Fall Semester, 2010. / Jully 22, 2010. / urban planning, experiences, public place, public space, Muslim women, every day life / Includes bibliographical references. / Rebecca Miles, Professor Directing Dissertation; Peter Garretson, University Representative; Petra Doan, Committee Member.

Rapid urbanization in the Third World is one of the major developmental issues that have attracted the attention of policy makers at international, national and sub-national levels. However, emphasis on the distinction between rural and urban areas often causes policy makers and planners to lose sight of important rural-urban linkages that need to be considered in the research and policy-making/planning arenas. Rural-urban linkages are probably most evident in peri-urban areas where the growth of cities leads to the transformation of smaller communities. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of rapid urbanization on livelihoods in the peri-urban areas of Accra, Ghana, using the case study approach. The study focused on four of the peri-urban communities that surround the city of Accra, namely Kwashiekuma, Medie, Bortianor and Ofankor. It involved a qualitative analysis of the effects of the city's growth on the livelihood assets of residents in these communities; how the residents construct livelihood strategies in response to changes in livelihood assets; and how these changes are reflected in their livelihood outcomes (quality of life). The study has revealed several changes in livelihood assets resulting from urban expansion. These include: an increase in the range of uses and value of land and other forms of natural capital; extension of urban infrastructure (e.g. roads, electricity, private schools and health facilities) to peri-urban areas; an increase in the size and variation in the quality of the housing stock; and increased acquisition of formal education and non-agricultural vocational skills. In addition, the communal spirit that characterizes indigenous, rural communities and enable residents to extend mutual support to one another in times of need has declined in peri-urban communities, although some residents, particularly recent migrants, are able to maintain social capital that goes beyond their immediate place of residence. Residents and non-residents of peri-urban communities respond to these new opportunities by devising new livelihood strategies. Examples include the leasing of land to developers and other investors, extraction of natural resources such as stones and sand, agricultural intensification, waged employment, trading, diversification of employment and income sources, among others. However, the study also shows that there are differential effects of urbanization on the livelihoods and living conditions of peri-urban residents. While some residents have the ability to improve upon their living conditions by taking advantage of the opportunities created by urbanization, many others are worse off because they lack the capacity to utilize these opportunities. This negative effect is particularly serious among subsistence farmers, who are mainly indigenous and long-term settlers who lose their livelihoods as arable lands get converted to residential and other uses. The findings of the study point to a number of critical issues that need the urgent attention of policy makers and planners in order to ensure sustainable urban development. One of them is the need for the District Assemblies (local governments) to manage physical growth in a manner that protects the natural environment using a joint, multi-level participatory planning approach. The Assemblies should also incorporate peri-urban livelihood issues into urban policy making and planning so as to minimize the negative effects of urban growth on a section of the population, especially subsistence farmers. Measures should include the protection of fertile farmlands, helping farmers to adopt appropriate and environmentally friendly farming methods, and empowering the youth to find alternative sources of livelihood. Other pertinent issues needing attention include the need to improve upon land administration and strengthen the planning and regulatory capacity of District Assemblies. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Urban and Regional Planning in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Fall Semester, 2010. / August 12, 2010. / Hopers, Losers, Gainers, Development Theories, Land, Customary, Traditional, Ga, Market / Includes bibliographical references. / Petra Doan, Professor Directing Dissertation; James Cobbe, University Representative; Timothy Chapin, Committee Member.

This dissertation proposes a new theoretical approach to the study of coproduction; it does so by providing a refined definition of the phenomenon, and responds to two of the largest criticisms of the literature, and incorporating the impact of information on the rate of participation in programs considered coproduction. Included in this new theory is a detailed account of the role of the individual, the role of government and the interactions between the two in jointly producing a public good. This new conceptualization identifies three forms of coproduction: enabled, voluntary, and incentivized. Energy policy is used as an arena in which to test two of these forms of coproduction in an empirical analysis. This research suggests that information and the source of that information along with the monetary costs of participation are the largest barriers to participation in programs that result in coproduction and that the magnitude of these impacts changes according to the form of coproduction. The role of traditional media, newspaper articles, in providing information is examined through content analysis. I detail the impact that clusters of information from newspaper articles may have on policy participation. In addition, I examine participation in three programs offered by the City of Tallahassee. The programs that are examined in depth are a free energy audit program which provides information to customers about how to reduce energy consumption, the rebate program that offers one-time monetary payments that reduce the overall costs of updating appliances, and the low-interest loan program that incentivizes participation through a reduced interest rate guaranteed for the length of the loan up to five years. These three programs fall into two of the three categories of coproduction and are examined for their ability to produce the public good and the determinants of participation. These determinants help to examine differences between the groups of participants, the differences in motivations, the reliance on incentives, and the role of information in participation. / A Dissertation submitted to the Askew School of Public Administration and Policy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester, 2014. / May 23, 2014. / Coproduction, Energy Policy, Information / Includes bibliographical references. / Richard Feiock, Professor Directing Dissertation; Christopher Coutts, University Representative; Frances Berry, Committee Member; Kaifeng Yang, Committee Member.

The field of Emergency Management is in a period of dramatic knowledge expansion. Practitioners from diverse public and private organizations and all levels of government are enjoying increased visibility and resources in combating a string of media enriched disaster events. A growing number of scholars and practitioners from multiple originating disciplines are bringing together an ever-increasing body of written work to support the recognition of Emergency Management as a profession and as a field for academic inquiry. This development in the United States has been propelled by the expansion of emergency management issues across disciplines, the establishment of a large number of academic programs across the country, and increasing visibility of disaster and its consequences, including the most recent emphasis on terrorism and homeland security. This study seeks to determine the degree of alignment between the perceptions of academics and practitioners in the field. To that end, this study addresses two research questions: 1) based on existing academic curricula, what are some of the core knowledge components of Emergency Management and what is the relative emphasis placed on each of the identified components; and 2) how and to what extent does the curricula content create intersection between originating disciplines and institutions of emergency management practice, or more plainly stated, between academics and practitioners. / A Dissertation submitted to the Reubin O'D. Askew School of Public Administration and Policy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Spring Semester, 2009. / December 18, 2009. / Curricula, Emergency Management / Includes bibliographical references. / William Earle Klay, Professor Directing Dissertation; Lora Cohen-Vogel, Outside Committee Member; Ralph Brower, Committee Member; Frances Berry, Committee Member.

The choice of economic development incentives involves a complex system of political and economic considerations. Policy tools theory has largely focused on the individual characteristics of each particular tool and has not considered interactions among instruments or explained why multiple tools are used simultaneously in practice. Extant research has overlooked interdependence among policies and the fact that policies may serve as substitutes or compliments to each other. Building on theories of policy tools and policy diffusion, a theory of policy bundling is developed in this dissertation to explain why multiple tools are used in conjunction with one another to solve public problems. A diverse set of motivations and strategies are formed to explicate why bundling occur. The theory of policy tool bundling is empirically tested using panel data from the state of Georgia. The presence of policy tool bundling is assessed by modeling four economic incentives simultaneously with a multivariate probit model estimated using Bayesian methods. The results demonstrate that bundling is occurring between free or reduced cost land and expedited permitting and also between free or reduced cost land and industrial development bonds. No evidence of bundling was found between other incentives indicating that while policy bundling does occur in economic development, many of the observed relationships between policies are not strategic. / A Dissertation submitted to the Reubin O'D. Askew School of Public Administration and Policy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Fall Semester, 2010. / November 1, 2010. / Economic development, multivariate probit, Bayesian analysis, policy tools, policy diffusion / Includes bibliographical references. / Richard Feiock, Professor Directing Dissertation; Tom Zuehlke, University Representative; Kaifeng Yang, Committee Member; Frances Stokes Berry, Committee Member.

Open space preservation is a critical issue responding to undesirable sprawl. Over the past decades, responding to such trends of expansion and sprawl, open space protection has become more intense. Thus, local, regional, state governments have become increasingly concerned with growth and land preservation. More explicitly, state growth management has implemented in a broad set of social goals and policy tools in the era of smart growth (Bosselman and Callies, 1971; Gillham, 2002). State smart growth has concentrated on a mix of higher density residential development in order to protect open space and natural resources (Ingram et al, 2009). At local level, growth management has been implemented through the planning and regulatory tools of comprehensive plans, zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, and capital improvement programs (Porter, 1997). Despite open space preservation is a political process, extant studies on the decision of land preservation fail to consider within political process. The purpose of this dissertation investigates what factors account for local open space preservation applying political market framework. First analysis aims to examine the impact of state growth management on local open space preservation as well as the impact of the contextual factors of county governments More specifically, with advanced methodology, Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM), it examines whether strong involvement of state level government influence open space protection made by local level governments. Second analysis examines how local political institutions' supplies and environmental interests' demands account for local open space protection with panel data of Florida Communities Trust (FCT) applications, Florida's state-wide land acquisition program, from 2001 to 2008. The empirical results show that, first, strong involvement of state government on local open space preservation leads to better outcomes. It theoretically and empirically means that contextual and political circumstances of state level government perform an additional explanation on the variation among county level. Second, local political institutions play a significant role in open space preservation. In addition to formal institution, networks as an informal institution are key driver of open space preservation. This result implies that governmental partners such as federal and states agencies and horizontal partners such as land trusts, environmental organization and non-profit organization are important in that local government can make wider array of financing mechanisms and get much of information from networks with governmental and horizontal partners. Third, environmental preservation constituencies measured by land trusts in the first analysis and environmental specialty license tag revenue in the second analysis have positive influence on open space preservation. Unlike land use regulation, development or growth machine interests have no influence on open space preservation. In sum, this dissertation confirms that strong involvement of state government influences the effort of local government on open space preservation. Open space preservation is the outcome of political institutions and environmental demands. This dissertation also suggests future study. First, future study will explore the link between open space preservation and various regulatory tools or strategies such as zoning ordinance, conservation easement, impact fees, and so on, to growth control. Another future study will be a national-wide study how state level government influences the outcome of local government with Intercept-As-Outcome Modeling. This study must provide in-depth and better understanding of dynamics of configuration of policy outcome. Networks are critical element of open space preservation and more broadly smart growth and sustainable development. Thus, Network analysis will examine relationships between public, private, and nonprofit actors, such as the Trust for Public Lands to investigate the role of both formal and informal institutions in configuring open space preservation and land acquisition decisions. / A Dissertation submitted to the Reubin O'D. Askew School of Public Administration and Policy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester, 2011. / June 13, 2011. / Local Public Goods, Open Space Preservation, Hierarchical Governmental Relation, Political Market Framework / Includes bibliographical references. / Richard C. Feiock, Professor Directing Dissertation; Carolyn Herrington, University Representative; Lance deHaven-Smith, Committee Member; Keon-Hyung Lee, Committee Member.

Fragmented jurisdictions in a metropolitan area have pursued individual economic benefits through competition with others. Intense development competition has produced negative economic externalities. Therefore, local governments have strategically considered collaborating with other jurisdictions in order to maximize benefits and minimize costs through collective actions. However, collaboration among individual communities potentially involves collective action dilemmas endemic to the fragmented metropolitan area. Therefore, jurisdictions strategically create and develop informal collaborative networks with others, depending on the conditions where local jurisdictions are involved. While previous studies have focused on the influence of collaborative mechanisms on economic outcomes and emphasized the importance of the roles of networks (Lee, 2009, Feiock, Steinacker, and Park 2009, Olberding 2002), this study focuses on how the networks emerge and evolve at the micro-level, especially in the economic development policy arena. This dissertation began with the research questions: how do local jurisdictions cope strategically with collective action, how do they efficiently and effectively resolve problems through informal policy networks, what motivations lead local jurisdictions to enter collaborative networks, and what effects influence the selection process of collaborative partners for local economic development. In order to answer the aforementioned questions, this study applied the institutional collective action framework (Feiock and Scholz 2010) and the cross-sectional and the longitudinal network analysis proposed by Snijder and his colleagues with the SIENA program. The micro-level analysis reveals that in the economic development policy arena, local jurisdictions prefer close-clustered relations with others, rather than loosely connected relations to central coordinators. The analysis also showed that a small number of county governments primarily play crucial coordinating roles in economic development policy networks of a metropolitan area. On the other hand, the results of the effects of homophily and resources on the selection process of collaborative partners for local development confirm that jurisdictions with insufficient resources more actively search for collaborative partners to supply resources, and that they tend to collaborate with others that share the similar political institutions and socio-economic conditions. The results help us understand the partner selection process in interjurisdictional collaboration in a metropolitan area that standard transaction costs economics cannot account for. By examining informal economic development policy networks in the decentralized metropolitan area, this dissertation provides new insights into understanding how fragmented jurisdictions within a metropolitan area self-organize to resolve problems and conflicts that result from competition between jurisdictions, and what motivations lead collaborative governance among local jurisdictions involved in economic development issues. / A Dissertation submitted to the Reubin O’D. Askew School of Public Administration and Policy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Spring Semester, 2011. / March 29, 2011. / Interjurisdictional Collaboration, Collaborative Governance, Local Economic Development Policy Networks / Includes bibliographical references. / Richard C. Feiock, Professor Directing Dissertation; John T. Scholz, University Representative; Frances S. Berry, Committee Member; Kaifeng Yang, Committee Member.

Economic development policy in jurisdictionally fragmented metropolitan areas is often characterized as a competitive environment in which local governments compete for jobs and growth. However, the positive and negative intergovernmental externalities from growth create demands for more integrated development approaches that can address economies of scale, urban sprawl, income inequality, environmental impacts, and other regional issues. This dissertation examines the formation of regional economic development partnerships among local government to explain patterns of local government cooperation in pursuing economic development. The traditional game theoretic approach, based on assumptions that actors are motivated by rational calculation of benefits and costs, provides useful insights for understanding the essence of the collective action problem, but it provides only a limited and incomplete explanation for the emergence and sustainability of regional development collaboration. This dissertation investigates how the social context in which a game is embedded can determine which game the actors are supposed to play and, therefore, shapes the action of players. In other words, social structures should be considered to be both the medium and the outcome of the players' activities. A formal model of regional partnership formation is developed, taking into account actors' attributes and social relations. Propositions regarding how contextual and relational factors affect regional partnership formation are derived from this model and empirically tested. / A Dissertation submitted to the Reubin O’D. Askew School of Public Administration and Policy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Spring Semester, 2009. / December 8, 2008. / Regional Governance, Social Network Theory, Regional Partnership, Game Theory, Collective Action / Includes bibliographical references. / Richard C. Feiock, Professor Directing Dissertation; John T. Scholz, Outside Committee Member; Keifeng Yang, Committee Member; Keon-Hyung Lee, Committee Member.

Recent studies on emotional labor address how worker emotional behavior is influenced by and influences organizational routines. To build upon existing theories, this dissertation investigates the determinants and consequences of emotional labor from a perspective on the interaction of self and organization. More specifically, the dissertation offers a model of emotional labor that combines dramaturgical and dispositional approaches. In this model, display rules (the standards for appropriate expression of emotions on the job) and individual/organizational well-being (i.e., emotional exhaustion and service performance) act as the antecedents and consequences of emotional labor respectively. In addition, it posits that there can be mutual influences between organizational settings and personal traits on emotional behavior. Thus, individual differences—including public service motivation and emotional intelligence—are hypothesized to moderate the relationships among the antecedents, dimensions, and consequences of emotional labor. The data for hypothesis testing were collected by means of self-report survey, developed on the basis of a theoretical analysis of relevant literature. Questionnaires were administered to the Certified Public Manager (CPM) program students who are currently working full-time in service occupations in Florida. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and moderated multiple regression (MMR) analysis were employed to test the proposed model. Analytical results provided support for hypotheses set forth regarding the determinants and consequences of emotional labor, while the majority of the moderating hypotheses failed to be supported. The findings include: positive display rules (what to express on the job) contribute to more attempts to modify inner feelings to match the required emotional displays. In contrast, negative display rules (what not to express) result in the adjustment of observable emotional expressions to pretend feeling a desired emotion. Also, the increased emotional inauthenticity opens a window for a greater risk of job stress. In addition, more emotive efforts made by employees to approximate the desired emotion lead to better service performance. However, emotional inauthenticity often results in poor service performance. Finally, workers with higher levels of compassion will exert more efforts to comply with organizational rules and norms and report less emotive dissonance when dealing with clients/customers. Besides, commitment to public interest, compassion, and effective emotional regulation contribute to better service performance. The work advances the understanding of the subtleties of emotional labor in public service roles. Information provided not only reconciles the disputes between the dramaturgical and dispositional approaches of emotional labor, but also allows practitioners to better target their emotion management strategies and limit the potentially harmful consequences to worker health and performance. Findings demonstrate that the attention paid to the tasks performed by employees who work "with heart" to deliver services is of vital importance to enhance public service. / A Dissertation submitted to the Reubin O’D. Askew School of Public Administration and Policy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester, 2009. / June 15, 2009. / Emotional Labor, Public Service Delivery, Display Rules, Compassion, Emotional Exhaustion, Service Performance / Includes bibliographical references. / Mary E. Guy, Professor Co-Directing Dissertation; Ralph S. Brower, Professor Co-Directing Dissertation; Koji Ueno, Outside Committee Member; James S. Bowman, Committee Member; Kaifeng Yang, Committee Member.

Local economic development is in transition to "green economic development." Local governments in the U.S. and other countries have adopted a variety of policy tools to promote green economic development and are appying them to to their local economies. The success of these efforts may depend on whether local officials have a systematic understanding of green development and how it is different from more conventional economic development approaches. One purpose of this study is to enhance our understanding of green development policy by advancing a theoretical framework and identifying empirical evidence to account for local green econmic development activities and policies. The most basic but essential task is to understand when and how policy tools are used. The factors influencing conventional economic development activities and green economic development activities are drawn from three explanatory approaches in the literature on urban policy and econmic development: the economic pressure model, the political/institutional choice model, and development/environmental coalition model. These explanatory models are adapted and extended to account for energy based green economic development policy including the promotion of energy efficient technology, promotion of renewable energy development, and regulatory relief targeted to energy efficincy and renewables. This investigation produces several potentially important findings. First, local decision makers' perceptions and motivations regarding the importance of green businesses and industries significantly influence the use of each of the four policy tools. Additionally, neighborhood and environmental protection organizations, which have not had much impact on conventional development, have a significant influence on green development policy. Also, a community's standard of living and collaborative activities for green development are linked to regulatory relief for energy efficient technology development by local governments. Some of the same factors that determine conventional economic development activities such as administrative capacity, economic stress, development competition, voters' preference, and support of private organizations also influence the use of green economic development policy tools. An unanticipated finding is that Florida citizens registered as members of the Democratic or Green Party in Florida are less likely to support incentives and regulatory relief for renewable energy development. This curious result may reflect factors unique to Florida or cleavages in environmental voting blocks over renewable energy. Certain renewable energy sources are controversial and are purported to generate energy sprawl and negative environmental externalities. In Florida, renewable energy policy may be associated with Republicans because incentives and regulatory relief have usually been favored tools of the Christ administration. Since 2006, the Republican Party in power has emphasized climate changes and promoted renewable energy development. This study concludes that the development incentives for local green economic development are the product of political bargainig and collective action among stakeholders, rather than a product of economic pressures or conditions. This is in stark contrast with regulatory relief for green economic development. While regulatory relief for the use of energy efficient technology is significantly influenced by economic pressure and conditions, regulatory relief for renewable energy development is substantially influenced by political choice and stakeholders' activities. Comparison of development incentives and regulatory relief also provides new insights. Incentives for energy efficient technology are influenced by political/institutional factors and stakeholders' power and roles. In contrast regulatory relief to promote energy efficient technology development is shaped more by community economic pressures and conditions. However, both incentives and regulatory relief for renewable energy development are influenced by political bargaining and the power of environmental advocacy coalitions. The conclusion urges local governments or decision makers to pay attention to the distinctions highlighted in this analysis in the design, adoption and implementation of policy tools for green economic development. / A Dissertation submitted to the Reubin O’D. Askew Shcool of Public Administration and Policy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester, 2011. / June 10, 2011. / Green Economic Development, Renewable Energy, Efficient Energy Use Technology / Includes bibliographical references. / Richard C. Feiock, Professor Directing Dissertation; Timothy C. Chapin, University Representative; Frances S. Berry, Committee Member; Keon-Hyung Lee, Committee Member.