The purpose of the study was to assess the effects that labeling a person has on his/her self-esteem, self description and behavior. Two conditions of labeling were studied: the valence of the label (positive vs. negative) and the focus of the label (personality vs. behaviorally focused label).Ten hypotheses were developed from three theoretical schools: labeling theory, social learning theory and the self-esteem protection process.A total of 95 undergraduate male and female college students volunteered to participate in a study they were led to believe was aimed at understanding the correlation between ESP and personality. Of these, 66 participated in the entire study. Subjects were given tasks to perform, supposedly related to the ESP study. Completion or non-completion of these tasks was the basis for assigningthem to the positive or negative label conditions. Subjects were randomly assigned to the two focus conditions. The labels "dependable" and "undependable" were used in this study.Subjects completed the Tennessee Self Concept Scale and an Adjective Checklist both before and after the labeling manipulation. These served as the dependent measures of self-esteem and self-description, respectively. The dependent measure of behavior consisted of another task that was requested of subjects, following the labeling manipulation. The data were analyzed using three different statistical techniques: multivariate analysis of variance, multivariate analysis of covariance, and chi square analysis.The results indicated that the valence of the label did have a significant effect on subject's self description. There was a significant difference at the .027 level on the posttest measure of self-description between subjects in the positive and negatively labeled conditions. Subjects labeled "dependable" described themselves as significantly more dependable than did those subjects labeled "undependable". Changes in self-description and self-esteem from pre to posttest proved non-significant. No significant effect on behavior was found. Additionally, the focus of the label did not prove to have any effect on the dependent measures.It is possible that self-description is the first area upon which labels have an impact. This study looked at only the immediate effects of labeling. It is possible that changes in self-esteem and behavior result from long-term effects of being publicly labeled time and again. Future research might use a case study, longitudinal approach to study these possibilities.

The current literature on audio and visual self-confrontation has suggested its usefulness as a therapeutic tool in promoting increased self-awareness, movement toward greater psychological health, with the obvious by-product of shorter length of psychological care - a matter of no little import in a time of decreased spending in the area of mental health.In the review of the literature no studies could be found which used a control group and compared audio with visual playback. It was decided to use Huff's (1966) study as a basic format to explore the issue, but to modify it by using video feedback as one of the treatments rather than having the client listen to a tape of a third party being counseled. This was done not only because of the advances in the field of video communications, but also because of perceived ethical problems in treating one client's sessions in a quasi-public manner with non-professionals which also appears to be involved with anonymity and confidentiality issues.This research was undertaken then, to determine whether there is a differential effect on psychological health due to three conditions (Treatment I - psychotherapy and audio self-confrontation, Treatment II - psychotherapy and video self-confrontation, Control - psychotherapy alone) as measured by two psychometric instruments. Thirty subjects from the Ball State Practicum Clinic participated and were assigned in a quasi-random fashion to one of the three groups. Subjects were pre-tested, treated for four sessions, and then post-tested.Statistical analysis on the pre-test of the-semantic differential developed by Huff in his earlier study were performed to determine reliability. Four concepts were retained due to indication of sufficient reliability. One score - the GSI (Global Severity Index) on the SCL-90 (Symptom Check List) was utilized, due to author indication of it being the best general indicator of the overall level of distress. Within-group correlations were calculated for any intercorrelations among variables. Two moderate correlations were found, the rest were independent. Finally, a multivariate analysis of variance was computed to determine treatment effectiveness. 0.09 significance was found which did not allow rejection of the null hypothesis that the means of the two psychometric instruments (five measures considered simultaneously) for the three groups will not differ significantly.

This study introduces a self concept that can serve as practice theory for pastoral counselling. The practical theological model of Zerfass is used to develop a basis, meta and practice theory. The basis theoretical perspectives indicate that the self may be viewed as the culmination of al the dimensions of perception of man. Three dimensions of the self may be distinguished, after the analogy of man as creation of God. -lmago Dei as structure/condition before God - man as the image of God - this emphasizes man's worth as creation of God. -lmago Dei as relational concept - man as a relationship being -this is essentially about experiencing love (security) in relationship with God, fellow man and nature. -lmago Dei as functional concept - man as representative of God -this essentially deals with the position in which man is appointed as representative of God. As a result of the fall of man the image of God in man is scarred and he exists in a condition of: -Shame (as the opposite of worth); -Fear (as the opposite of love); and -Guilt (as the opposite of position). Through the process of regeneration God creates a new person and in so doing restores man's worth in Christ. Through reconciliation in Christ God restores the love (security) within relationships as He had in mind before the fall. God acquits the person in Christ Jesus and restores the saved person's position as representative of God. Although man possesses love (security) and position in Christ, a bipolar tension exist between: -Worth and shame; -Love (security) and fear; and -Position and guilt. According to the meta theoretical perspectives man is a social creature and his/her self comes to fulfilment (with)in relationships. Man finds himself in a certain environment and circumstances and as such is subject to external influences. Man's need for security must be heeded in order for the self to realize its full potential. A safe place for genuineness, respect, and empathy must be created to actualise the self. Seeing that children learn through imitation, it is the responsibility of adults to be admirable role models for children. These perspectives raise an appeal to the human intellect. Man's intellectual/cognitive dimension therefore plays an important role in man's self. Finally, guidelines for the design and application of a practice theory for the application of a self-concept for pastoral counselling are suggested. / Thesis (M.A. (Practical Theology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Murdoch University, 2006. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Arts. Bibliography: leaves 256-265.

Thesis (M.A.)--Wisconsin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-66).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 220-252).

Thesis (M. Div.)--Grace Theological Seminary, 1986. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-55).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Duke University, 2007.

Thesis (M. Div.)--Grace Theological Seminary, 1986. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-55).

Thesis (M. Div.)--Grace Theological Seminary, 1986. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-55).