Threshold logic gates gaining more importance in recent years due to the significant development in the switching devices. This renewed the interest in synthesis and testing of circuits with threshold logic gates. Two important synthesis considerations of threshold logic circuits are addressed namely, threshold logic function identification and reducing the total number of threshold logic gates required to represent the given boolean circuit description. A fast method to identify the given Boolean function as a threshold logic function with weight assignment is introduced. It characterizes the threshold logic function based on the modified chows parameters which results in drastic reduction in time and complexity. Experiment results shown that the proposed method is at least 10 times faster for each input and around 20 times faster for 7 and 8 input, when comparing with the algorithmic based methods. Similarly, it is 100 times faster for 8 input, when comparing with asummable method. Existing threshold logic synthesis methods decompose the larger input functions into smaller input functions and perform synthesis for them. This results in increase in the number of threshold logic gates required to represent the given circuit description. The proposed implicit synthesis methods increase the size of the functions that can be handled by the synthesis algorithm, thus the number of threshold logic gates required to implement very large input function decreases. Experiment results shown that the reduction in the TLG count is 24% in the best case and 18% on average. An automatic test pattern generation approach for transition faults on a circuit consisting of current mode threshold logic gates is introduced. The generated pattern for each fault excites the maximum propagation delay at the gate (the fault site). This is a high quality ATPG. Since current mode threshold logic gate circuits are pipelined and the combinational depth at each pipeline stage is practically one. It is experimentally shown that the fault coverage for all benchmark circuits is approximately 97%. It is also shown that the proposed method is time efficient.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da presença de dor miofascial, segundo o Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD), no Limiar de Dor à Pressão (LDP) da musculatura mastigatória de mulheres portadoras de enxaqueca, fora da e durante a crise de enxaqueca. Adicionalmente, comparar índices de depressão e prevalência de apertamento dentário diurno e bruxismo do sono em mulheres com enxaqueca, com e sem o diagnóstico adicional de DTM. A amostra foi coletada no Ambulatório de Cefaléia do Hospital Geral de Fortaleza (HGF) e nas clínicas da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru da Universidade de São Paulo (FOB-USP), e foi composta por 101 voluntárias do sexo feminino, com idade variando entre 18 e 60 anos, com diagnóstico de enxaqueca previamente confirmado por neurologista. Para classificar as voluntárias em portadoras de DTM ou não, utilizou-se o RDC/TMD. Após aplicação do RDC/TMD, as voluntárias foram separadas em dois grupos: grupo I, pacientes portadoras de enxaqueca, sem DTM; e grupo II, pacientes portadoras de enxaqueca e DTM. Mais dois grupos (49 mulheres assintomáticas e 50 portadoras de dor miofascial) foram acrescentados ao estudo, utilizando-se dados originais e individuais de estudo previamente realizado com voluntárias brasileiras com características semelhantes a dos outros grupos obtidos neste estudo. Estes dois grupos foram utilizados para análise inicial do LDP. O LDP das voluntárias do grupo I e II foram avaliadas em dois momentos: inicialmente, na ausência de dor de origem cefálica, e durante uma crise de enxaqueca. As medições do LDP foram realizadas com a utilização de um algômetro, em 4 pontos localizados bilateralmente, nos músculos temporal (anterior, médio e posterior) e masséter (corpo). Para avaliação do índice de depressão, utilizou-se o Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) do eixo II do RDC/TMD. Para o verificação da presença de apertamento dentário diurno utilizou-se o auto-relato e, para verificação da presença de bruxismo do sono, as voluntárias preenchiam um questionário composto por 6 perguntas referentes ao hábito. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística (ANOVA a um critério, testes de comparações múltiplas de Tukey, teste t pareado, teste tde Student e teste qui-quadrado) em um nível de significância de 5%. verificou-se que mulheres portadoras de enxaqueca,quando comparadas a grupo assintomático, apresentaram diminuição estatisticamente significante do LDP em todos os sítios musculares avaliados, e que houve tendência de diminuição no LDP de mulheres portadoras de enxaqueca e DTM, quando comparadas a mulheres com enxaqueca. Durante a crise, houve diminuição estatisticamente significante no LDP dos dois grupos, independente da presença ou não de DTM. Mulheres portadoras de enxaqueca e DTM apresentaram níveis de depressão estatisticamente maiores e maior prevalência de apertamento dentário diurno e bruxismo do sono. A enxaqueca e a DTM parecem estar associadas pela sensitização dos nociceptores e conseqüente sensitização central. / The objective of this study was to assess the impact of miofascial pain, according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD), on the pressure pain thershold (PPT) of masticatory muscles in women with migraine, during a migraine attack and in the absence of it. Moreover, the study compared depression scores, daytime clenching and sleep bruxism prevalence in women with migraine, with and without TMD. The sample comprised 101 women, with ages ranging from 18 to 60 years, with migraine diagnostic previously confirmed by a neurologist. All subjects were evaluated using RDC/TMD in order to determinate the presence of TMD, and were divided in two groups: group I, women with migraine, and group II, women with migraine and TMD. Two more groups (49 symptom-free women and 50 women with miofascial pain), matched for gender and race, which were obtained from a previously study, were added to this study. These two groups were used for initial analysis of PPT. PPT from groups I and II were measured in the during a migraine attack and in the absence of it. The PPT values of masseter and temporalis (anterior, middle and posterior regions) muscles were recorded bilaterally with a pressure algometer. Depression level was determinate by the SCL-90 from RDC/TMD axis II, and a self-reported questionnaire was used to detect parafunctional habits. One-way ANOVA, tukey test for pairwise comparisons, paired t-test, students t-test and chi-square, were used in statistical analysis with a 5% significance level. Women with migraine showed statistically lower PPT levels at all points tested, when compared with symptom-free women. Woman with migraine and TMD showed a tendency of decrease on PPT levels at all points tested, when compared with women with migraine. During a migraine attack, PPT levels were decreased in both groups. Women with migraine and TMD showed statistically higher depression levels and higher prevalence of both bruxism and daytime clenching. This study suggests that migraine and TMD may be associated with sensitization of first-order peripheral nociceptors and consequent central sensitization.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da presença de dor miofascial, segundo o Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD), no Limiar de Dor à Pressão (LDP) da musculatura mastigatória de mulheres portadoras de enxaqueca, fora da e durante a crise de enxaqueca. Adicionalmente, comparar índices de depressão e prevalência de apertamento dentário diurno e bruxismo do sono em mulheres com enxaqueca, com e sem o diagnóstico adicional de DTM. A amostra foi coletada no Ambulatório de Cefaléia do Hospital Geral de Fortaleza (HGF) e nas clínicas da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru da Universidade de São Paulo (FOB-USP), e foi composta por 101 voluntárias do sexo feminino, com idade variando entre 18 e 60 anos, com diagnóstico de enxaqueca previamente confirmado por neurologista. Para classificar as voluntárias em portadoras de DTM ou não, utilizou-se o RDC/TMD. Após aplicação do RDC/TMD, as voluntárias foram separadas em dois grupos: grupo I, pacientes portadoras de enxaqueca, sem DTM; e grupo II, pacientes portadoras de enxaqueca e DTM. Mais dois grupos (49 mulheres assintomáticas e 50 portadoras de dor miofascial) foram acrescentados ao estudo, utilizando-se dados originais e individuais de estudo previamente realizado com voluntárias brasileiras com características semelhantes a dos outros grupos obtidos neste estudo. Estes dois grupos foram utilizados para análise inicial do LDP. O LDP das voluntárias do grupo I e II foram avaliadas em dois momentos: inicialmente, na ausência de dor de origem cefálica, e durante uma crise de enxaqueca. As medições do LDP foram realizadas com a utilização de um algômetro, em 4 pontos localizados bilateralmente, nos músculos temporal (anterior, médio e posterior) e masséter (corpo). Para avaliação do índice de depressão, utilizou-se o Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) do eixo II do RDC/TMD. Para o verificação da presença de apertamento dentário diurno utilizou-se o auto-relato e, para verificação da presença de bruxismo do sono, as voluntárias preenchiam um questionário composto por 6 perguntas referentes ao hábito. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística (ANOVA a um critério, testes de comparações múltiplas de Tukey, teste t pareado, teste tde Student e teste qui-quadrado) em um nível de significância de 5%. verificou-se que mulheres portadoras de enxaqueca,quando comparadas a grupo assintomático, apresentaram diminuição estatisticamente significante do LDP em todos os sítios musculares avaliados, e que houve tendência de diminuição no LDP de mulheres portadoras de enxaqueca e DTM, quando comparadas a mulheres com enxaqueca. Durante a crise, houve diminuição estatisticamente significante no LDP dos dois grupos, independente da presença ou não de DTM. Mulheres portadoras de enxaqueca e DTM apresentaram níveis de depressão estatisticamente maiores e maior prevalência de apertamento dentário diurno e bruxismo do sono. A enxaqueca e a DTM parecem estar associadas pela sensitização dos nociceptores e conseqüente sensitização central. / The objective of this study was to assess the impact of miofascial pain, according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD), on the pressure pain thershold (PPT) of masticatory muscles in women with migraine, during a migraine attack and in the absence of it. Moreover, the study compared depression scores, daytime clenching and sleep bruxism prevalence in women with migraine, with and without TMD. The sample comprised 101 women, with ages ranging from 18 to 60 years, with migraine diagnostic previously confirmed by a neurologist. All subjects were evaluated using RDC/TMD in order to determinate the presence of TMD, and were divided in two groups: group I, women with migraine, and group II, women with migraine and TMD. Two more groups (49 symptom-free women and 50 women with miofascial pain), matched for gender and race, which were obtained from a previously study, were added to this study. These two groups were used for initial analysis of PPT. PPT from groups I and II were measured in the during a migraine attack and in the absence of it. The PPT values of masseter and temporalis (anterior, middle and posterior regions) muscles were recorded bilaterally with a pressure algometer. Depression level was determinate by the SCL-90 from RDC/TMD axis II, and a self-reported questionnaire was used to detect parafunctional habits. One-way ANOVA, tukey test for pairwise comparisons, paired t-test, students t-test and chi-square, were used in statistical analysis with a 5% significance level. Women with migraine showed statistically lower PPT levels at all points tested, when compared with symptom-free women. Woman with migraine and TMD showed a tendency of decrease on PPT levels at all points tested, when compared with women with migraine. During a migraine attack, PPT levels were decreased in both groups. Women with migraine and TMD showed statistically higher depression levels and higher prevalence of both bruxism and daytime clenching. This study suggests that migraine and TMD may be associated with sensitization of first-order peripheral nociceptors and consequent central sensitization.

L’eau, par l’intermédiaire de la pression de fluides, est un phénomène déclencheur majeur de la déstabilisation des mouvements de terrain profonds. En conséquence, la caractérisation des mécanismes de déformation nécessite une bonne compréhension des processus hydrogéologiques contrôlant la déstabilisation. Les milieux fissurés et de surcroit les milieux instables présentent de fortes hétérogénéités, ce qui rend les études hydrogéologiques classiques peu adaptées. De plus, les mouvements de terrain profonds présentent des relations hydromécaniques complexes avec des évolutions significatives dépendantes du temps (déformation de type fluage). Cette thèse s’attache à caractériser les relations précipitations-déplacement du mouvement de terrain profond de Séchilienne. Un suivi saisonnier de traceurs naturels et artificiels a permis de définir un schéma conceptuel d’écoulement de l’eau souterraine sur l’ensemble du massif malgré un nombre limité de points d’intérêt hydrogéologiques. Les données de pression de fluides étant rarement mesurées, les paramètres indirects, tels que la recharge, sont souvent les seules données hydrogéologiques qui permettent de caractériser la relation précipitations-déstabilisation. Une méthode d’estimation de la recharge basée sur un calcul de bilan du sol a été développée afin d’estimer la recharge avec précision. En se basant sur le schéma conceptuel d’écoulement et le calcul de la recharge, une analyse en ondelettes couplée à un modèle numérique a permis de caractériser la relation précipitations-vitesse de déplacement. Cette modélisation tient compte de paramètres dépendant du temps et permet de simuler une déformation de type fluage (tendance pluriannuelle des vitesses de déplacement), conséquence des couplages hydro- mécaniques indirects. La caractérisation des processus hydrogéologiques contrôlant la déstabilisation a permis de définir un seuil statistique d’activation de la déstabilisation, basé sur une approche multi-dimensionnelle innovante. / Pore water pressure build-up by recharge of underground hydrosystems is one of the main triggering factors ofdeep-seated landslides. Consequently, the characterization of landslide deformation mechanisms requires athorough knowledge of the hydrogeological processes triggering the destabilization. Anisotropic andheterogeneous media combined with landslide deformation render classical hydrogeological investigationsunsuitable. Hydro-mechanical processes which lead to slope failure of deep-seated landslides are complex andare influenced by the evolution of the landslide deformation through time. This thesis aims at improving theunderstanding of the relationships between precipitation and displacement velocity based on the study of theSéchilienne deep-seated landslide. A time-related monitoring of natural and artificial tracers allows to define aconceptual groundwater flow model despite a limited number of hydrogeological points of interest. Fluid porepressures are rarely measured on landslide sites and, instead the groundwater recharge is generally used as themost relevant parameter. A parsimonious, yet robust, guideline workflow to calculate time series of groundwaterrecharge is developed. Based on the conceptual groundwater flow model and the recharge calculation, a waveletanalysis coupled to a numerical model integrating time-dependent parameters allows to characterize therelationship between precipitation and displacement velocity and to simulate the creep deformation resulting ofindirect hydro-mechanical coupling (multi-year trend of displacement velocities). The characterization of thehydrogeological processes controlling the destabilization allowed to define a statistical rainfall threshold basedon an innovative multi-dimensional approach.