Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 anjos_ds_me_prud.pdf: 1639941 bytes, checksum: 0860c4a946325bd5e941068ec7106d5e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A representação do relevo ou terreno é uma componente fundamental no processo cartográfico e dentre essas representações as que têm por objetivo analisar as diferentes curvaturas de uma vertente, ou seja, classificar as vertentes de um determinado terreno em retilíneas, côncavas ou convexas tem apresentado grande aplicabilidade em áreas como a agricultura, a construção civil, o estudo de microbacias entre outros. Assim, o desenvolvimento de algoritmos que classifiquem essas formas do relevo pode contribuir muito para a produção de informações relevantes à tomada de decisões em diversas áreas do conhecimento. Alguns algoritmos com esse intuito foram anteriormente desenvolvidos, porém apresentam claras necessidades de melhoria por classificarem apenas áreas pré-estabelecidas, não podendo ser utilizados para outras regiões. Visando sanar a necessidade de implementações mais completas este trabalho apresenta a metodologia utilizada na elaboração de um algoritmo para classificação de vertentes através de ferramentas matemáticas até então pouco utilizadas nas Ciências Cartográficas: a Thin Plate Spline (TPS) que será utilizada para adensar os dados de vertentes do município de Presidente Prudente, gerando Modelos Numérico de Terreno (MNTs) sob os quais a curvatura é calculada, e a Inferência Fuzzy que é uma ferramenta utilizada para discriminar classes que por diversas razões não possuem limites rígidos entre si, como é o caso das vertentes a serem analisadas, e, portanto, estará integrada a um produto final que será parte do estudo, isto é, um sistema que forneça modelos de classificação das vertentes em: retilíneas, côncavas e convexas e que possa ser comparada ao mapa geomorfólogico existente. / The relief or terrain representation is an essential component in the cartographic process. Representations which aim at classifying relief profiles of a certain terrain as rectilinear, concave and convex have reached great applicability in areas such as agriculture, civil construction, watershed studies, among others. Therefore, algorithms that classify these forms of relief can much contribute to the production of relevant information to the decision make in several areas of knowledge. The simplest algorithm, based on curvature value only is clearly not sufficient, but the literature brings fairly little in relation to a more adequate methodology. Attempting to contribute in the sense to aggregate more information and intelligence into this kind of classification so to achieve a more complete implementation, this work presents a methodology using two mathematical tools of little use so far in the Cartographic Science: 1) Thin Plate Spline (TPS) used to densify the existing data, for the Numerical Terrain Models on which the curvature shall be calculated and, 2) Fuzzy Inference used to discriminate classes that for several reasons do not possesses well defined boundaries, as is the curvature profile case. The validation used known and previously chosen data from Presidente Prudente so that a comparison with existing morphological map was possible.

Resumo: A representação do relevo ou terreno é uma componente fundamental no processo cartográfico e dentre essas representações as que têm por objetivo analisar as diferentes curvaturas de uma vertente, ou seja, classificar as vertentes de um determinado terreno em retilíneas, côncavas ou convexas tem apresentado grande aplicabilidade em áreas como a agricultura, a construção civil, o estudo de microbacias entre outros. Assim, o desenvolvimento de algoritmos que classifiquem essas formas do relevo pode contribuir muito para a produção de informações relevantes à tomada de decisões em diversas áreas do conhecimento. Alguns algoritmos com esse intuito foram anteriormente desenvolvidos, porém apresentam claras necessidades de melhoria por classificarem apenas áreas pré-estabelecidas, não podendo ser utilizados para outras regiões. Visando sanar a necessidade de implementações mais completas este trabalho apresenta a metodologia utilizada na elaboração de um algoritmo para classificação de vertentes através de ferramentas matemáticas até então pouco utilizadas nas Ciências Cartográficas: a Thin Plate Spline (TPS) que será utilizada para adensar os dados de vertentes do município de Presidente Prudente, gerando Modelos Numérico de Terreno (MNTs) sob os quais a curvatura é calculada, e a Inferência Fuzzy que é uma ferramenta utilizada para discriminar classes que por diversas razões não possuem limites rígidos entre si, como é o caso das vertentes a serem analisadas, e, portanto, estará integrada a um produto final que será parte do estudo, isto é, um sistema que forneça modelos de classificação das vertentes em: retilíneas, côncavas e convexas e que possa ser comparada ao mapa geomorfólogico existente. / Abstract: The relief or terrain representation is an essential component in the cartographic process. Representations which aim at classifying relief profiles of a certain terrain as rectilinear, concave and convex have reached great applicability in areas such as agriculture, civil construction, watershed studies, among others. Therefore, algorithms that classify these forms of relief can much contribute to the production of relevant information to the decision make in several areas of knowledge. The simplest algorithm, based on curvature value only is clearly not sufficient, but the literature brings fairly little in relation to a more adequate methodology. Attempting to contribute in the sense to aggregate more information and intelligence into this kind of classification so to achieve a more complete implementation, this work presents a methodology using two mathematical tools of little use so far in the Cartographic Science: 1) Thin Plate Spline (TPS) used to densify the existing data, for the Numerical Terrain Models on which the curvature shall be calculated and, 2) Fuzzy Inference used to discriminate classes that for several reasons do not possesses well defined boundaries, as is the curvature profile case. The validation used known and previously chosen data from Presidente Prudente so that a comparison with existing morphological map was possible. / Orientador: Messias Meneguette Júnior / Coorientador: João Osvaldo Rodrigues Nunes / Banca: Nilton Nobuhiro Imai / Banca: Ricardo Luis Barbosa / Mestre

Att i förväg försöka förutsäga vilket lag som kommer vinna i en fotbollsmatch har nog de flesta försökt sig på någon gång. Att gissa och att faktiskt försöka att analysera båda lagens förutsättningar är två väldigt olika metoder att komma fram till sitt resultat. I och med att datorkraften de senaste åren kraftigt förbättrats har det också kommit fler och framför allt tyngre matematiska modeller för att skatta utfallet av matcher. I detta examensarbete används Pi-ratingsystemet som går ut på att varje lag får en rating för hur bra man är på hemma- respektive bortaplan. Som en utveckling av den ursprungliga Pi-rating modellen används det i detta arbete tre olika modeller för att prediktera lagens framtida rating. Modellerna som används är enkelt glidande medelvärde, enkel exponentiell utjämning och en ARIMA-modell. En lösning på hur nya lag som inte spelade i ligan föregående år ska behandlas föreslås också. Avslutningsvis diskuteras olika investeringsmetoder som kan användas för att använda resultat från modellerna på marknaden för vadslagning. Resultatet visar att en spelstrategi som utnyttjat Kellys formel ger störst avkastning för kalibreringsdatat. När denna strategi används på matcher utanför kalibreringsåren visar resultatet på en mycket låg vinst och framför allt att vinsten under lång tid är negativ, vilket från en investeringssyn inte är något man önskar. Sammanfattningsvis är denna metod inte i sig själv tillräckligt bra för att ge en säker avkastning men är en bra grund som kan byggas ut för att ta hänsyn till fler faktorer och då ge möjlighet till stabilare och mer långsiktiga vinster. / To predict a soccer game in advance is something that has been done by most people. If the prediction is the result of an advanced mathematical formula or just ha pure guess done on your favorite team is very different. Since the computer power in recent years has greatly improved the number of mathematical approaches has increased and it is especially the computational heavy models that have increased in number. In this thesis the Pi-rating system is used it gives each team a home and away rating that describe how good/bad they are compared to the average competing team. As an extension of the original Pi-rating model, in this thesis time series analysis is used to predict future values of the teams rating, three different methods are tested and they are simple moving average, simple exponential smoothing and an ARIMA-model. A solution to how new teams that did not play in the league last year should be handled is also suggested. Finally a breath discussion and test of different investment methods that can be applied on the final model to be used on the sport betting market. The results show that the greatest returns on the calibration data is achieved when Kelly’s formula is used as an investment method on an ARIMA(0,1,1)-model, but when this strategy is used outside calibration data, the result shows a very low profit and the method  fails to give a stable long term return, which from an investment point of view is not desirable. The conclusion is that this method is not in itself good enough to provide a safe return but is a good foundation that can be expanded to take more factors into account, and then hopefully give bigger and more stable winnings.

Wild canid populations exhibit different anatomical morphologies compared to domesticated dogs in North America. This is particularly important concerning archaeological sites, which may contain early domesticated species, for the proper identification of osteological remains. Previous studies have indicated domestic dogs exhibit a shorter rostrum accompanied by a crowded tooth row; however, none describe the overall complexity of these changes. Consequently, using a landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis, cranial morphological characteristics were examined in North American wild canids: the gray wolf (Canis lupus), coyote (Canis latrans), red wolf (Canis rufus), and the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). The shape and size of the cranium in lateral and ventral views were compared between the three wild species to the group of domesticated dogs. Wild canids clustered separately from the domestic group in all statistical analyses. Results indicate an expansion of the orbital region, a compression of the rostrum, and an overall warping in the shape and orientation of the skull. In domestic species, there is also a downward shift in the frontal portion of the skull accompanied by the braincase assuming a more upward position. This technique successfully depicted how slight changes in isolated areas of the cranium can have an impact on the overall shape and morphology of the skull. We presume these changes in cranial anatomy reflect the recent selective pressures domestic dogs have undergone since diverging from their wild ancestors.

In this report we attempt to provide insights in how interpolation can be used for creating heat maps showing residence prices for different residence markets in Sweden. More specifically, three interpolation methods are implemented and are then used on three Swedish residence markets. These three residence markets are of varying characteristics such as size and residence type. Data of residence sales and the physical definitions of the residence markets were collected. As residence sales are never identical, residence sales were preprocessed to make them comparable. For comparison, a so-called external predictor was used as an extra parameter for the interpolation method. In this report, distance to nearest public transportation was used as an external predictor. The interpolated heat maps were compared and evaluated using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Results show that each interpolation method has its own strengths and weaknesses, and that using an external predictor results in better heat maps compared to only using residence price as predictor. Kriging was found to be the most robust method and consistently resulted in the best interpolated heat maps for all residence markets. On the other hand, it was also the most time-consuming interpolation method. / Den här rapporten försöker ge insikter i hur interpolation kan användas för att skapa färgdiagram över bostadspriser för olika bostadsmarknader i Sverige. Mer specifikt implementeras tre interpolationsmetoder som sedan används på tre olika svenska bostadsmarknader. Dessa tre bostadsmarknader är av olika karaktär med hänsyn till storlek och bostadstyp. Bostadsförsäljningsdata och de fysiska definitionerna för bostadsmarknaderna samlades in. Eftersom bostadsförsäljningar aldrig är identiska, behandlas de först i syfte att göra dem jämförbara. En extern indikator, vilket är en extra parameter för interpolationsmetoder, undersöktes även. I den här rapporten användes avståndet till närmaste kollektiva transportmedel som extern indikator. De interpolerade färgdiagrammen jämfördes och utvärderades både med en kvantiativ och en kvalitativ metod. Resultaten visar att varje interpolationsmetod har sina styrkor och svagheter och att användandet av en extern indikator alltid renderade i ett bättre färgdiagram jämfört med att endast använda bostadspris som indikator. Kriging bedöms vara den mest robusta interpolationsmetoden och interpolerade även de bästa färgdiagrammen för alla bostadsmarknader. Samtidigt var det även den mest tidskrävande interpolationsmetoden.

The aim of this study is to present a novel three dimensional (3D) facial animation method for morphing emotions and facial expressions from one face model to another. For this purpose, smooth and realistic face models were animated with thin plate splines (TPS). Neutral face models were animated and compared with the actual expressive face models. Neutral and expressive face models were obtained from subjects via a 3D face scanner. The face models were preprocessed for pose and size normalization. Then muscle and wrinkle control points were located to the source face with neutral expression according to the human anatomy. Facial Action Coding System (FACS) was used to determine the control points and the face regions in the underlying model. The final positions of the control points after a facial expression were received from the expressive scan data of the source face. Afterwards control points were transferred to the target face using the facial landmarks and TPS as the morphing function. Finally, the neutral target face was animated with control points by TPS. In order to visualize the method, face scans with expressions composed of a selected subset of action units found in Bosphorus Database were used. Five lower-face and three-upper face action units are simulated during this study. For experimental results, the facial expressions were created on the 3D neutral face scan data of a human subject and the synthetic faces were compared to the subject&rsquo / s actual 3D scan data with the same facial expressions taken from the dataset.

In the presented paper the changes in mean runoff, temperature and precipitation totals in an observed period 1962-2015 in the catchment river Hačka are assessed. The paper further presents the analysis of climate change impact on mean runoff between the periods 1984-2014 (control period) and 2035-2065 and 2068-2098 (scenario periods) using the projections of three regional climate model simulations. Thin Plate Spline interpolation was used to estimate basin precipitation and temperature. Modified hydrological analogy was used for precise quantification of naturalized runoff (i.e. not affected by water use). Climate change scenarios were derived using simple delta change approach, i.e. observed series of precipitation and temperature were adjusted in order to give the same changes between the control and scenario period as regional climate model simulations. Hydrological balance was modelled with a conceptual hydrological model Bilan. The parameters of the hydrological model were estimated using observed data. These parameters were subsequently used to derive discharge series under climate change conditions for each regional climate model simulation. Results showed a 1.7 °C average increase in mean annual temperature in the scenario period 2035-2065 and a 2.8 °C average increase in the scenario period 2068-2098. The seasonal cycle of precipitation in the scenario conditions is shifted, although mean annual precipitation totals remain practically unchanged (max changes -8.1 %; +9.3 %). The mean annual discharge decreases by 5.7% in average (most 20.3 %) in period 2035-2065 and a significant decrease of 25.5% in average (most 45.9 %) in annual mean discharge is expected in the period 2068-2098. Frequency of minimal runoff is expected to increase up to two times. Precipitation increase is expected from the beginning of the fall to the beginning of the summer, with a slight decrease in spring. Increase in precipitation is followed by evapotranspiration increase, caused by increase in temperature. Summer precipitation is expected to decrease as well as summer runoff. Due to the temperature increase, time shift of the snowmelt is expected from the periods between March-April to January-February. This will also affect the increase of the discharge in this period. This knowledge can be applied in water management planning in the future.

This study deals with morphological variation in the Melampyrum sylvaticum group (Orobanchaceae). Populations of the Hercynian Massif, Western and Eastern Carpathians were investigated using both conventional and geometric morphometric methods. Individual morphological characters were evaluated in detail. Preliminary taxonomic concept of the group is presented. Biogeographical context of detected morphological variation is discussed.

The human face is characterized by a combination of morphological characters, which are unique for each individual. These characters are subject to change during ontogeny influenced by age, pathological conditions, injuries. The aim of this diploma thesis was an observation of age changes in the face of individuals in the age range from one to eighteen. Resource material were black and white photographs of girls and boys. Analysis of age changes in facial area was performed using methods of geometric morphometrics, specifically thin plate spine (TPS). The shape analysis confirmed, that between age and face shape exists significant relationship. It was found, that is mainly due to significant changes in height and width ratios. Face extends and narrows, forehead height is reduced and lower jaw grows to lenght. Facial changes are also influenced by the sex of individuals, while for girls the overall growth in the face stopps about age of fifteen, for boys continues to the age of eighteen years. Keywords Geometric morphometrics, thin plate spline, ontogenetic development of the face, age changes.

No description available.