No presenta resumen.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3013347 bytes, checksum: 1284ed81fc4f3a5fe7379016ad1f819c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11 / Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. / Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar, entre os artigos regulamentados já com autorização fitossanitária de importação para o Brasil ainda não submetidos à análise de risco de pragas (ARP), as possíveis vias de ingresso do nematoide parasita de vegetais Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945, praga quarentenária ausente no Brasil; avaliar o risco fitossanitário da introdução de D. destructor a plantas cultivadas na agricultura, horticultura e silvicultura, plantas não cultivadas, flora selvagem, habitats e ecossistemas no Brasil por esses produtos importados, a partir de avaliações semiquantitativas das suas probabilidades de entrada e estabelecimento em território nacional e dos seus potenciais de disseminação e de causar danos econômicos no Brasil; e propor medidas fitossanitárias a serem estabelecidas em normas oficiais do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) para mitigar para um nível aceitável o risco fitossanitário associado à introdução e disseminação de D. destructor pelas vias de ingresso no Brasil para as quais o risco fitossanitário fosse julgado inaceitável. A ARP foi conduzida por meio do esquema de apoio à decisão para ARP da Norma de Medidas Fitossanitárias n.o 5/3 (5), da Organização Europeia para Proteção de Plantas (EPPO), executada no software CAPRA (“Computer Assisted Pest Risk Analysis”). Os produtos vegetais de importação autorizada (PVIA) que são possíveis vias de ingresso para D. destructor foram determinados, filtrando-se os registros da base de dados de PVIA do MAPA a partir dos registros de espécies vegetais hospedeiras do nematoide, de países que têm registros de sua ocorrência e das partes vegetais para as quais há registros de que o nematoide possa se abrigar em alguma fase do seu ciclo de vida. As probabilidades semiquantitativas de entrada e de estabelecimento e os potenciais semiquantitativos de disseminação, de impacto econômico e de risco final da praga em cada via de ingresso, bem como os valores de suas incertezas, foram compostos a partir das respostas dadas às questões individuais do esquema da EPPO no CAPRA, utilizando a modelagem de decisão com atributos múltiplos por regras expressas em matrizes, contida no próprio software CAPRA e executada dentro do software livre de ambiente de modelagem “GeNIe”. O risco fitossanitário final de Ditylenchus destructor nas diversas vias de ingresso avaliadas foi considerado baixo, com incerteza média. Foi, portanto, considerado aceitável, não tendo sido necessária a adoção de medidas fitossanitárias adicionais para mitigar esse risco, além das medidas fitossanitárias gerais atualmente em vigor. / The objectives of this study were to determine, among the regulated articles already with phytosanitary import authorization to Brazil not yet submitted to pest risk analysis (PRA), the possible pathways to the plant parasitic nematode Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945, absent quarantine pest in Brazil; to assess the phytosanitary risk of introducing D. destructor to cultivated plants in agriculture, horticulture and forestry, uncultivated plants, wild flora, habitats and ecosystems in Brasil by these imported products, from semiquantitative assessements of their likelihoods of entry and establishment in the country, and its potential to spread and cause economic damage in Brazil; and to propose phytosanitary measures to be established in official regulations of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) to mitigate to an acceptable level the phytosanitary risk associated with the introduction and spread of D. destructor by the pathways into Brazil for which the phytosanitary risk was deemed unacceptable. The PRA was conducted through the decision support scheme to PRA of the Phytosanitary Measures Standard No. 5/3 (5), of the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), performed in the CAPRA software ("Computer Assisted Pest Risk Analysis"). The plant products with authorized import (PVIA) that are possible pathways to D. destructor were determined by filtering the MAPA’s PVIA database records with the records of the nematode’s host plant species, countries that have records of its occurrence, and plant parts to which there are records that the nematode can take shelter at some stage of its life cycle. Semiquantitative likelihoods of entry and establishment, and semiquantitative potentials of spread, economic impact and final risk of the pest on each pathway, as well as the values of their uncertainties, were composed from the answers to individual questions of EPPO scheme in CAPRA, using the decision modeling with multiple attributes by rules expressed in matrices contained in the CAPRA software itself and executed in the free software of modeling environment "GENIE". The final phytosanitary risk of Ditylenchus destructor in the different assessed pathways was considered low, with medium uncertainty. It was therefore considered acceptable, and it was not necessary to adopt additional phytosanitary measures to mitigate this risk, beyond to the general phytosanitary measures currently in effect.

The Tongass National Forest in southeast Alaska contains 2,176 square kilometers of karst. As part of the evolving Tongass Land Management Plan, research into the function of karst systems is crucial in understanding how forest management affects not only karst areas but also surrounding ecosystems. Dye trace and water balance results in two watersheds on the north end of Prince of Wales Island demonstrate the difficulty in containing the effects of management, as water can enter karst catchments from unknown sources at different flow regimes. A dye trace was conducted in Windgate and Canyon Block watersheds. Two sinking streams were traced to one resurgence spring in Canyon Block, and four sinking streams were traced to one resurgence spring in Windgate. Water balance data calculated for the entire study period and individual storm events suggests that Windgate has been sufficiently delineated. Data from the study period and storm event water balance calculations for Canyon Block suggest that at high flow discharge is pirated into Canyon Block from another system. High resolution monitoring in each catchment show that there is no significant delay between the increase in discharge and the arrival of direct runoff, as evidenced by the quick decrease in specific conductance. This could result in a quick transmission of sediment and contaminants through the karst system into downstream salmon habitat.

In its industrial heyday, Thorne Moors was the most extensive commercial peat operation in Britain. It became closely tied to nearby Hatfield Moors, and at both the methods of exploitation were essentially the same. Although much of Thorne Moors is situated in Yorkshire, the eastern extent lies in Lincolnshire. Recognizable differences in scale and methodology existed between the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire parts. After regional drainage in the 1620-30s, there was increased trade in the peat of Thorne Moors along the River Don. A succession of uses included unrefined and refined fuel, products from carbonization and distillation, and moss litter for working horses. From the mid-19th century, companies were formed to exploit the new uses, especially moss litter, and export became increasingly focused on railways. In 1896, the British Moss Litter Co. Ltd was set up (restructured 1899) to assume the Thorne/Hatfield interests of several smaller companies, including the Anglo-Dutch Griendtsveen Moss Litter Co. Ltd. The British Moss Litter Co. was acquired by Fisons Ltd in 1963. Following a contextual history, descriptions are given of both muscle-powered peat winning and transportation methodologies. These comprise exploitation in the 17th and 18th centuries, an examination of the 19th century writings of William Casson, and written allusions spanning 1863-1963. Information is imparted on the Griendtsveen Moss Litter Co. In addition to creating a 'Dutch' peat canal system, this company introduced an immigrant Dutch workforce, proficient in their native methods and intended inter alia to retrain local workers looking for employment with Griendtsveen. Dutch methodology persisted alongside the local methods for c.60 years. Accounts are also presented of the evolutionary limit of indigenous peat winning, and the use of narrow gauge railways. Finally the transition to mechanisation of peat cutting and narrow gauge haulage is outlined.