<div>Cyber-based infrastructures and systems serve as the operational backbone of many industries and resilience of such systems against cyber-attacks is of paramount importance. As the complexity and scale of the Cyber-based Systems (CBSs) has increased many folds over the years, the attack surface has also been widened, making CBSs more vulnerable to cyber-attacks. This dissertation addresses the challenges in post intrusion security management operations of threat detection and threat response in the networks connecting CBSs. In threat detection, the increase in scale of cyber networks and the rise in sophistication of cyber-attacks has introduced several challenges. The primary challenge is the requirement to detect complex multi-stage cyber-attacks in realtime by processing the immense amount of traffic produced by present-day networks. In threat response, the issue of delay in responding to cyber-attacks and the functional interdependencies among different systems of CBS has been observed to have catastrophic effects, as a cyber attack that compromises one constituent system of a CBS can quickly disseminate to others. This can result in a cascade effect that can impair the operability of the entire CBS. To address the challenges in threat detection, this dissertation proposes PRISM, a hierarchical threat detection architecture that uses a novel attacker behavior model-based sampling technique to minimize the realtime traffic processing overhead. PRISM has a unique multi-layered architecture that monitors network traffic distributedly to provide efficiency in processing and modularity in design. PRISM employs a Hidden Markov Model-based prediction mechanism to identify multi-stage attacks and ascertain the attack progression for a proactive response. Furthermore, PRISM introduces a stream management procedure that rectifies the issue of alert reordering when collected from distributed alert reporting systems. To address the challenges in threat response, this dissertation presents TRAP, a novel threat response and recovery architecture that localizes the cyber-attack in a timely manner, and simultaneously recovers the affected system functionality. The dissertation presents comprehensive performance evaluation of PRISM and TRAP through extensive experimentation, and shows their effectiveness in identifying threats and responding to them while achieving all of their design objectives.</div>

Le stress prénatal est un sujet d'intérêt éthologique croissant en raison de ses effets sur la santé humaine et le bien-être des animaux. Cette thése de doctorat s’intéresse à la seiche Sepia officinalis, un modèle pratique dans lequel la progéniture en développement peut être séparée de leurs mères pour examiner diverses sources potentielles de stress en isolement expérimental. Plusieurs catégories de facteurs de stress ont été appliquées aux embryons et aux juvéniles et la progéniture résultante a été testée dans une série d'épreuves physiologiques et comportementales. L'objectif était de déterminer si différents types de stress prénatal affectent la seiche et, dans l'affirmative, comment ces effets se transmettent. Les données présentées démontrent que les stresseurs appliqués aux femelles reproductrices (stress maternel), ainsi que les stresseurs appliqués directement aux embryons (stress embryonnaire), affectent le comportement postnatal (y compris la structuration corporelle, la latéralisation cérébrale, la prédation et les schémas d'activité) la mémoire et / ou la neurobiologie (y compris les concentrations et le renouvellement de la monoamine, la taille des différents lobes cérébraux et la division cellulaire). Les résultats mettent en évidence la présence de trois voies par lesquelles le stress peut exercer des effets: sur le nombre de descendants produits par la femelle, la transmission de la femelle à sa progéniture et directement sur la progéniture elle-même. Les expériences ont également démontré qu'un facteur de stress complètement artificiel (lumière forte) affectait un éventail plus large de comportements chez la progéniture qu’un stress naturel (odeur de prédateur). Enfin, les données ont montré que l'environnement d'incubation et d’élevage peuvent également affecter la progéniture et méritent donc une attention particulière dans la formulation et l'interprétation des expériences avec cette espèce. Ces découvertes informent à la fois les pratiques de bien-être des seiches et d'autres céphalopodes (par exemple, réduisent la manipulation pour maximiser la reproduction) et élucident et renforcent les principes éthologiques qui s'appliquent au stress animal en général (par exemple la transmission des effets de stress de la mère à la progéniture). Compte tenu des informations fournies ici et dans de nombreuses autres études, la seiche et d'autres céphalopodes devraient continuer à servir de modèles comportementaux en éthologie et en biologie en général. / Prenatal stress is a subject of growing ethological interest due to its effects on human health and animal welfare. This Ph.D. thesis utilizes the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, a convenient model in which developing offspring can be separated from their mothers to examine various potential sources of stress in experimental isolation. Several categories of stressors were applied to cuttlefish and cuttlefish eggs and the resulting offspring were tested in a range of physiological and behavioral tests. The goal was to determine if various types of prenatal stress affect cuttlefish, and if so, how these effects are transmitted. The data presented demonstrate that both stressors applied to reproducing females (maternal stress), as well as stressors applied directly to embryos (embryonic stress), affected post-natal behavior (including body patterning, brain lateralization, predation and activity patterns), learning, memory and/or neurobiology (including monoamine concentrations and turnover, the size of various brain lobes and cell division). The results highlight the presence of three pathways by which stress can exert effects: on the number of offspring produced by the female, transmission from the female to her offspring and directly on the offspring themselves. The experiments also demonstrated that a completely artificial stressor (bright light) affected a wider range of behaviors in offspring than a natural-occurring one (predator odor). Finally, the data showed that incubation and spawning environment can also affect offspring, and thus deserve attention in the formulation and interpretation of experiments with this species. These findings inform both welfare practices for cuttlefish and other cephalopods (e.g. reduce handling to maximize reproduction) as well as elucidating and reinforcing ethological principles that apply to animal stress in general (e.g. the transmission of stress effects from mother to offspring). Given the insight provided here and in numerous other studies, cuttlefish and other cephalopods should continue to serve as behavioral models in ethology and biology in general.