The purple sandpipers (Calidris maritima) are the most common waders in the high arctic archipelago of Svalbard, Norway. There they have to cope with a very short summer season and high metabolic costs of migrating far north and breeding in an arctic environment. The food on land is usually scarce, whereas there are rich feeding grounds in the littoral zone, such as in the intertidal zone of river flats. These feeding grounds are though only available to the purple sandpipers during low tide and as long as the estuary is not covered by sea ice. One of these intertidal flats was used as the fieldwork area in this study. To study when the birds are coming to this intertidal flat for feeding, a count study was performed during the entire stay of the purple sandpipers in Svalbard in summer 2010. Point counts were performed at low tide during 118 different days. Additionally, point counts were performed at twenty days during the six hours of the entire low tide period, to study when during the tidal cycle most sandpipers were feeding at the estuary. Most sandpipers were counted at the intertidal flat at the beginning of June with the highest number, 921 individuals, on 8th June. When the tundra was free of snow and the birds could start breeding, numbers where rapidly declining with very few sandpipers left in the estuary in July and the first part of August. From the end of August numbers were increasing again with a second but lower peak in the end of September and beginning of October. By the end of October all sandpipers had left the estuary. The study on the appearance of purple sandpipers at the estuary at the different periods of low tide showed that there were significantly more sandpipers between low tide and half an hour later than at the rest of the low tide period. This might be due to better access to their prey at that time. This knowledge could be used in future studies aiming at recording the maximum numbers. The result of the phenologic study could be included in a long term monitoring to see if the numbers and the timing of purple sandpipers are stable in this area or not: Are the peak numbers differing significantly? Is the timing of the arrival, the stay on the tundra and the timing of leaving the archipelago in the fall changing? Long-term monitoring would be especially interesting in the view of possible influences of the climate change on the purple sandpipers. Rising sea level as a result of the climate change would change the morphology of the estuaries and thereby influence the food resources available for sandpipers.

This study is concerned with a 29km long barrier island system along the New Brunswick coast of Kouchibouguac Bay. Over the past 150 years these islands have been retreating shorewards and have been affected by storm wave action. The changes in the island configuration, the characteristics of the island topography and the seasonal variations in the beach profile suggests that these islands are similar to better known ones along the United States coastline. The sediment characteristics of these islands reveal that there is an interplay of wind and wave processes on the sands, an interplay that is constantly mixing beach, dune and lagoon sands. The dominant southwest winds in summer cause most of the beach and dune sands to take on the characteristics of wind affected sands while the fall and spring storms impart characteristics of wave deposition to the beach sands at these times. The sediment characteristics revealed seasonal changes in the islands but simulation modelling of the energy distribution of waves in the bay after wave refraction accounts for most of the long term change in the island configuration. This modelling emphasizes field work which revealed that not all parts of the islands are affected by the same storm waves. Nort-northeast waves have a better chance of affecting the southern part of the bay while more easterly approaching waves will only influence the northern part. Over a period of time form 1894 to 1964, wave refraction modelling also shows that much of the change in the configuration of South Beach can be accounted for by wave refraction over a changing offshore bathymetry. Storm wave action thus accounts for most of the change in island configuration but the change around the inlets is most likely dependent upon the ability of these inlets to maintain stability at all times. Richibucto Inlet has achieved a stable equilibrium between the strength of the tidal currents passing through the inlet and the amount of incoming longshore drift, so that its position has remained static over the last 30 years. It is unlikely that Blacklands Gully or Little Gully have achieved this stability. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)