The main objective of this work was to study the applicability of Nano porous/Nanocrystalline TiO2 films for serving the growing demand for fast accurate and low cost air quality analysis techniques. The sensitivity of response to variations in microstructure pointed the way to obtain controlled, reproducible and regular microstructures with critical dimensions proportionate with the Debye- length of the oxide. This work aimed to study the sensor properties of thin films of Nanocrystalline Titania and Titania nanotubes at room temperature. Nano porous/Nanocrystalline TiO2 films were fabricated through evaporation driven convection/sol-gel method by controlling the process conditions. We also fabricated ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays by carefully controlling the anodization conditions. TiO2 nanotube arrays were fabricated through potentiostatic anodization of a Ti metal sheet in various electrolyte mediums. The electrolyte mediums consisted of mixtures of acids ranging from HF, HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4 and CH3COOH and polar organic solvents like C2H6OS(DMSO) and C2H4(OH)2(Ethylene Glycol) . Well ordered films consisting of TiO2 nanotube arrays (25 μm to 250 μm in length) were obtained. Contacts were deposited on to the annealed samples. Capacitive gas sensors were fabricated and their response to ammonia gas was evaluated.

Η φωτοκαταλυτική παραγωγή H2 μέσω διεργασιών φωτοκαταλυτικής αναμόρφωσης, μελετήθηκε με χρήση νανοκρυσταλλικών υμενίων TiO2 εμπλουτισμένων με εναποτεθειμένα μέταλλα στην επιφάνειά τους. Το TiO2 παρασκευάστηκε με τη μέθοδο sol-gel παρουσία οξικού οξέος και ενός επιφανειακώς δραστικού μορίου, του Triton X-100. Τα υμένια που παρασκευάστηκαν ήταν κρυσταλλικής μορφής ανατάση, με μέσο μέγεθος των σωματιδίων 12 nm, αρκετά σημαντικές υδροφιλικές ιδιότητες και υψηλή προσροφητική ικανότητα, ενώ είναι και πολύ ικανοί φωτοκαταλύτες για την αντίδραση διάσπασης των προσροφημένων χρωστικών στην επιφάνειά τους. Η μελέτη της αντίδρασης παραγωγής H2 πραγματοποιήθηκε με χρήση του φωτοκαταλύτη Pt/TiO2, αφού ο Pt αύξησε τη φωτοκαταλυτική ενεργότητα του υλικού και τη φωτοκαταλυτική απόδοση της αντίδρασης περισσότερο από τα υπόλοιπα μέταλλα. Οι βέλτιστες συνθήκες εναπόθεσης του Pt, ήταν η προσρόφησή του για 30 min από υδατικά διαλύματα Na2PtCl4 συγκέντρωσης 5*10-4 Μ και φωτοβόληση του υλικού για 15 min ώστε να πραγματοποιηθεί η αναγωγή. Η χρήση αυτού του φωτοκαταλύτη έδωσε σημαντικά αποτελέσματα φωτοκαταλυτικής αποικοδόμησης αλκοολών και άλλων προϊόντων βιομάζας σε υδατικά διαλύματα. Από τις ενώσεις που μελετήθηκαν, η χρήση της αιθανόλης και της γλυκερόλης οδήγησε στη μεγαλύτερη αύξηση του ρυθμού φωτοκαταλυτικής παραγωγής H2. Η αντίδραση της φωτοκαταλυτικής αναμόρφωσης πραγματοποιήθηκε κυρίως με χρήση υπεριώδους ακτινοβολίας UVA (Black light, ~360 nm), παρουσία ενώσεων με γενικό χημικό τύπο CxHyOz. Κυριότερες κατηγορίες αυτών των ενώσεων είναι οι αλκοόλες, τα σάκχαρα, οι πολυόλες και τα οργανικά οξέα. Επίσης, τα φωτοκαταλυτικά υμένια Pt/TiO2 είναι ικανά να προκαλέσουν την φωτοκαταλυτική παραγωγή H2 μέσα από μικρογαλακτώματα διασποράς ελαίου σε νερό. Η συνολική διεργασία της φωτοκαταλυτικής αναμόρφωσης αποτελεί μια ιδιαίτερα ελκυστική διεργασία, η οποία πραγματοποιείται με αρκετά ικανοποιητική απόδοση, με την κατάλληλη χρήση του φωτοκαταλύτη Pt/TiO2, σε μορφή λεπτών υμενίων. / Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide films, with deposited noble metals on their surface were studied for the photocatalytic production of Η2, through the so-called “photocatalytic reforming” processes. These films were deposited on glass substrates by using sol-gel procedures, carried out in the presence of acetic acid and a surfactant template, Triton X-100. The titania films consist of anatase nanocrystals, of about 12 nm average particle size. They were highly hydrophilic and were strong adsorbers of positively charged organic substances. Photodegradation of adsorbed dyes was very efficient on these titania nanoparticulate films. Photocatalytic hydrogen production was studied by using nanocrystalline films of Pt/TiO2. Pt gave the best results concerning photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide. The best conditions of platinum deposition, through its adsorption from aqueous solutions, were 30 min of adsorption in the dark from an aqueous solution of Na2PtCl4, having a concentration of 5*10-4 M, followed by the reduction of the adsorbed ions of Pt (II) by UV treatment. Using this type of photocatalyst lead to high efficiency of photodegradation of alcohols and generally products, derived from biomass in aqueous solutions. From all the compounds examined, ethanol and glycerol gave the highest photocatalytic hydrogen production rates. The photocatalytic reforming reaction, was carried out using UVA (black light, ~360 nm) radiation, that comes from low-energy black light sources and was applied on chemical compounds that have the general chemical structure of CxHyOz. Several categories of substances may have this structure, such as alcohols, saccharides, polyols and organic acids. Also, photocatalytic nanocrystalline films Pt/TiO2 led to substantially efficient process of hydrogen production, by using colloidal dispersions of oil-in-water microemulsion. The whole process of photocatalytic reforming of several substances can be a very attractive and very promising process, by employing nanocrystalline titania films, Pt/TiO2.

Today there is a great deal of interest in the development of gas sensors for various applications like monitoring of toxic gases, detection in oil reservoirs, mines, homes etc. Solid-state gas sensors have many advantages over the conventional analytical methods and hence are widely used. Amongst them, semiconducting metal-oxides based sensors are popular due to many advantages like low cost, small size, high sensitivity and long life. The present thesis reports a detailed work of TiO2 (Titania) thin film fabrication based on sol-gel method, study of their crystallization behavior and surface morphology, and characterizing them for alcohol sensing properties Sol-gel method is a wet chemical technique with many advantages over the conventional methods and offers a high degree of versatility to modify the film properties. Titania thin films were made with titanium isopropoxide as the precursor and ethanol and isopropanol as the solvents. Also effect of surfactants(PEG and CTAB) on the sol properties and film properties have experimentally examined. A in-house gas sensor testing setup has been designed and fabricated to characterize the sensors. Sensors with three different electrode configurations and also two different electrode material have been tested. The electrode geometry and material play a significant role on the sensing behavior and results for the same have been discussed.

Titania has been the focus of attention for several decades owing to its chemical stability, non-toxicity, inexpensiveness and robust surface chemistry. Its technological applications include use in diverse areas such as photocatalytic reactors, antibacterial coatings, dye sensitive solar cells (DSSC) and more recently the perovskite solar cells to name a few. All of these applications are based on the ability to inject or generate electronhole pairs in titania and transport them to a suitable interface at which they are ejected to either engender a reaction as in photocatalysis or drive a load as in photovoltaics. From a technological perspective it is also important that such science be achieved and controlled in supported titania structures. The research reported in this thesis, thus, started with the development of a process for obtaining adherent titania films by oxidation of sputtered Ti films on stainless steel, a very commonly used substrate. Challenges that had to be overcome included the need to oxidize titanium to obtain the right phase mixture while preventing film cracking or delamination due to compressive stresses generated during anodic oxidation of Ti. During this process of obtaining nanostructured TiO2 through anodization, it was serendipitously discovered that planar TiO2 films obtained by oxidation of sputtered Ti films did significantly better than anodized nanoporous titania in bactericidal studies. This was then replicated in organic dye degradation studies. Analysis of the material showed that this improved performance was due to the unintentional contamination during sputtering by Cu, Zn, Mo possibly due to arcing across brass contacts. This quaternary system was then systematically explored and it was shown that an optimal metastable composition in the Ti- Cu-Mo oxide ternary system performs the best. DFT studies showed that this was due to introduction of shallow and deep states in the band gap that, depending on the level of dopants, either enhances carrier lifetimes or leads to recombination. In continuation of this work on supported titania structures by oxidation of Ti, a novel photoanode for use in dye sensitized photovoltaics was developed by oxidation of Ti foam. This results in an interconnected 3-D network of TiO2 that possess at its core a network of Ti. Such architecture was designed to provide a large surface area for anchoring the sensitizer while simultaneously reducing the distance that charge carriers have to travel before reaching the ohmic contacts to prevent recombination losses. The thesis discusses the preparation of such anodes, the properties of the 3-D oxide and cells, with up to 4% efficiency, developed using such anodes. Reasons for such behaviour and avenues for further exploration to improve cell efficiency will also be discussed.