O presente estudo propõe uma alternativa para tratamento químico da urina para redução no consumo de água em descargas residenciais, possibilitando um maior tempo de permanência da água a ser descartada na bacia sanitária antes do acionamento da descarga. O processo consiste em neutralizar os componentes responsáveis pelo odor e cor característicos da urina a partir da reação química com dicloroisocianurato de sódio, NaDCC. O composto também apresenta ação bactericida podendo agir por um determinado período de tempo. Além disso, considera-se a adição de um componente indicador de nível de saturação do meio para otimizar o efeito sobre os aspectos estéticos e sanitários (odor, cor e presença de bactérias). O tratamento proposto deverá apresentar baixo custo estimulando a mudança de paradigmas por meio da conscientização da importância da redução do consumo de água nas residências. Pretende-se acompanhar o desempenho do processo proposto a partir de ensaios físico-químicos e microbiológicos. / The following work proposes an alternative to reduce water consumption in residential toilets by treating urine chemically, making it possible to wait longer until actually flushing the toilet. The process consists in using a tablet capable of neutralizing the components responsible for urine\'s smell and color by reacting them with the tablet\'s main component, Sodium dichloroisocyanurate, NADCC, which also is an antibacterial agent, being able to remain active for a certain period of time. Besides, the addition of an environment saturation indicator is proposed to optimize the effects over the aesthetic and sanitary - odor, color and bacterial presence - aspects. The process includes the advantage of having a low cost, stimulating the change of certain paradigms by inducing people to acknowledge the importance of reducing water consumption at their houses.

O presente estudo propõe uma alternativa para tratamento químico da urina para redução no consumo de água em descargas residenciais, possibilitando um maior tempo de permanência da água a ser descartada na bacia sanitária antes do acionamento da descarga. O processo consiste em neutralizar os componentes responsáveis pelo odor e cor característicos da urina a partir da reação química com dicloroisocianurato de sódio, NaDCC. O composto também apresenta ação bactericida podendo agir por um determinado período de tempo. Além disso, considera-se a adição de um componente indicador de nível de saturação do meio para otimizar o efeito sobre os aspectos estéticos e sanitários (odor, cor e presença de bactérias). O tratamento proposto deverá apresentar baixo custo estimulando a mudança de paradigmas por meio da conscientização da importância da redução do consumo de água nas residências. Pretende-se acompanhar o desempenho do processo proposto a partir de ensaios físico-químicos e microbiológicos. / The following work proposes an alternative to reduce water consumption in residential toilets by treating urine chemically, making it possible to wait longer until actually flushing the toilet. The process consists in using a tablet capable of neutralizing the components responsible for urine\'s smell and color by reacting them with the tablet\'s main component, Sodium dichloroisocyanurate, NADCC, which also is an antibacterial agent, being able to remain active for a certain period of time. Besides, the addition of an environment saturation indicator is proposed to optimize the effects over the aesthetic and sanitary - odor, color and bacterial presence - aspects. The process includes the advantage of having a low cost, stimulating the change of certain paradigms by inducing people to acknowledge the importance of reducing water consumption at their houses.

Informal settlements around the world are plagued by a general lack of essential infrastructure, scarce and strained resources. This has resulted in glaring sanitation and subsequent health problems. Kenya is a developing country with several informal settlements which lack systems for managing human excreta. Effective management of human excreta remains elusive in the highly populated informal settlements. Sanergy is a socialenterprise that seeks to provide a sustainable human excreta management solution in Kenyan slums. The purpose of this thesis is to assess Sanergy’s project viability in managing human excreta in slums. This analysis is based on qualitative methodology consisting of open and semi-structured interviews, moderate participant observation, focus group discussions as well as some participatory tools such as brainstorming and neighborhood mapping. Additionally this study incorporates GIS mapping information, national and global statistics and a literature review to understand the different dynamics of managing human excreta in a slum context. The result of this paper’s assessment shows the viability of the Sanergy project as a sustainable sanitation solution for Kenyan slums, and beyond. / Sanergy

From the analysis of the Dongsheng project which applied ecological sanitation in multi-storey buildings in China, we found that technical deficiencies, managerial problems and incorrect usage of the urine-diverting toilets resulted in the poor performance of the Dongsheng ecological sanitation system. Lack of standards or guidelines, and lack of policies or regulations are significant challenges in implementing the ecological sanitation system. Residents in the Dongsheng eco-town have positive attitudes toward reusing human faeces and urine in agriculture since China has a long tradition of this. However, the residents did not know very well about the value of urine, and the local farmers did not want urine. Women in China are more concerned with sanitation from a health aspect than men. Higher education level is connected to more positive attitudes towards human faeces and urine and their reuse. However, there is no link between income status and the attitudes of users. The supply chain for ecological sanitation systems is weak in urban China and needs to be improved. Apart from the demand side and supply side of ecological sanitation, enabling ecological sanitationto go to scale in an urban context depends on physical, environmental, technical and policy factors.

Vast consumption of natural resources threats the human life. Growing scarcity of fresh water is posing a great challenge to humanity as well. Thus many governments take special measures for efficient use of freshwater. There are many products that use too much fresh water. Toilet is among these products. In search of new solutions for lack of fresh water, designers design alternative toilets. However, it is necessary to understand the evolution of toilets and current state to develop better new technologies and products. This thesis investigates the evolution of toilet design throughout the history. Factors affect toilet design, and changes in their improvement throughout the evolution of toilets are examined. The study also aims to investigate advantages and disadvantages of squat and flushed toilets and their current state.

As Uganda works to transform itself into an industrialized, middle-income country in the coming decades, the country is faced with a number of problematic trends that could hinder this transition. High population growth and urbanization are quickly forcing small towns to deal with issues of limited space and the aesthetic conditions within sanitation systems, while declining soil fertility in surrounding rural areas calls into question the future nutritional security of the growing population. Ecological Sanitation (Eco-San) systems, which are designed to recover nutrients from human excreta, may help to address these trends. Improved sanitation coverage in Uganda is currently estimated to be 34%, with most people using either improved or unimproved pit latrines. Eco-San systems, especially Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets (UDDTs, also referred to as composting toilets), have been promoted in the country, but uptake has been slow. Additionally, while UDDTs generally treat human feces to a greater degree than pit latrines and composting toilets (another type of Eco-San system), concerns have been raised as to the inactivation of environmentally persistent pathogens, such as Ascaris lumbricoides eggs. This research focused on two potential solutions to the issues of effective promotion and Ascaris inactivation, evaluating them in the context of Kalisizo, a small town in southern Uganda. Demonstration facilities have been reported to effectively convince local stakeholders of the benefits and advantages of UDDTs, thereby increasing long-term uptake of the technology in the surrounding community. However, an unresolved question concerns whether these facilities should be installed in household or institutional settings. The initial effects of demonstration facilities constructed at local primary schools in Kalisizo were evaluated by assessing local knowledge and attitudes regarding UDDTs, both before installation and after several months of operation, through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. In general, this promotion strategy proved to be successful. After installation, students exhibited a marked increase in knowledge regarding these facilities and their benefits, and opinions were strongly positive. These changes were seen in users of the facilities as well as non-users, and students expressed clear acceptance of using the products of the toilets to fertilize crops. The introduction of an improved sanitation system at the schools also appears to have sparked other improvements related to sanitation and hygiene. In the future, it is likely that students will be compelling representatives for UDDTs within their households and communities. Regarding the treatment of persistent pathogens, previous work has demonstrated that the elevation of free ammonia levels to levels that can inactivate Ascaris eggs can be achieved through the urea addition. In this research, use of stored urine as an ammonia source for treatment of fecal products from UDDTs in Uganda was investigated. Mixtures of stored urine, fecal products from UDDTs, and wood ash were prepared, and treatment conditions (pH, temperature, ammonia concentration) were compared to the results of previous Ascaris inactivation studies to determine whether this strategy would be a feasible and effective treatment alternative. Results indicated that a volumetric mixture containing two parts stored urine and one part fecal products could provide 4-log1¬0 inactivation of Ascaris eggs after five months of indoor storage or after three months of outdoor storage. This strategy could improve the safety of recovered products while maintaining their agricultural value. Social acceptance of the treatment system appears to be possible with proper education efforts, and a cost comparison showed that this system may be more economically favorable than typical double-vault UDDTs.

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016. / In South Africa, particularly in the Limpopo Province, the handling of human excreta and the use of human excreta for food production are still not valued and generally not acceptable. The issue of social acceptance is one of the several issues that must be tackled in order to successfully institute the practice of human waste reuse in agriculture. As such, this study explored the attitudes and perceptions towards the utilisation of urine and faeces as the alternative to chemical fertilizer in a rural agriculture in Ga-Mothapo, Polokwane Local Municipality in Limpopo. The study adopted a qualitative approach using a case study design. Data was collected using face to face interviews. A majority of the households indicated that they are not comfortable with the idea of using human excreta for agricultural purpose. According to them, it was against their cultural beliefs and it is a taboo to use the waste of human as they prefer to use animal waste instead. The health risk and environmental contamination were also highlighted by the households as weighing against the use of human excreta. Even though some respondents mentioned that using human excreta has the potential to enrich their depleted agricultural soils, and that it had the effect of reducing the cost of buying commercial fertilizers, they still felt uncomfortable using it. This study concludes by recommending that there is a need for constant intervention and awareness to address the issue of food security through ecological sanitation which will promote sustainable agriculture by providing soil with nutrients. Keywords: Ecological Sanitation, Human Excreta, Perceptions, Attitudes, Food Security

Thesis (M. Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2016 / The purpose of this study was to investigate the social factors that affect the acceptability of the Enviro Loo sanitation technology in schools. The study adopted the anti-positivism theory. Phenomenology school of thought was used as one of the three schools of thoughts as marked under Anti-positivism. The qualitative research method had its foothold in the fact that social factors, as a human activity, occurs in a particular natural and social environment. Utilising the qualitative research design, the researcher focused on describing and understanding the social factors that influence the acceptability of the Enviro Loo sanitation technology at schools. The study utilised an interview guide to collect data. The advantage of this is that it allowed the researcher to probe and ask for clarification of some answers as given by the respondents The population of this study comprised 35 secondary schools in Limpopo Province that benefited from the implementation of the Enviro Loo sanitation technology system during the 2010/11 financial years. Non-probability sampling was used. The method used to select the schools was convenience sampling as a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher. This is because the researcher was bound by time, money and workforce and because of these limitations, it was almost impossible to randomly sample the entire population. Three sets of focus groups were used as sample, namely; the Provincial Sanitation Task Team (PSTT), School Governing Body (SGB) and Leaner’s Representative Council (LRC). All groups were gender balanced and members participated voluntarily. Nvivo was utilised to analyse data. The audio recordings from the digital voice recorder were transcribed, translated into English, typed into word and thematic analysis was used.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Small and medium toilet manufacturing businesses in Peru face significant problems such as low productivity because of a high rate of production losses. To address this issue, the present study proposes the application of a lean manufacturing technique, such as the Poka-Yoke model, which improves the production flow within the company by implementing a transportation cart with a safety system to help reduce material falls during the manufacturing process. The results showed a 24% increase in productivity and reduction in problems of damaged products that did not meet quality standards, thus preventing their subsequent reprocessing. / Revisión por pares

Management of water resources are the cornerstones of environmental protection. There willbe an increase in demand for water in the coming years and it is our responsibility to reserveour resources whether it is salt or fresh water. While analysing the paths of water being utilized,major amount is getting wasted through toilet flush. An average amount of water used in asingle toilet flush is about 9 litres and an individual will be using the toilet on an average of 5times a day which will be huge gallons of water in a minute around the world. In order to savethe ecosystem and to become sustainable waterless toilet systems are the optimum solution. Inthis thesis, waterless toilet technologies marketed by different manufacturers are deeplyanalysed and scaled the maturity level of technologies using the technology readiness level. Atechnology-market portfolio is created which helps to provide the current status of the waterlesstoilet technology systems in the international market. The pandemic created due to the coronavirus have led this paper to identify the opportunities that waterless toilets can have in the futurewith the help of innovations like smart toilet and artificial intelligence.