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<p>Designing touch screen devices includes many variables off how to address design issues in the best possible way. The design includes what type of touch interaction method is to be used, how the interface is to be designed and in which context it will be used. The problematic issue that has to be dealt with is how the designer must put together all these parameters into one final product. This paper presents the case of re-designing a touch screen bedside monitor, a device used in hospitals to observe the vital signs of patients. The design solution presented deals with the issues of how the device was designed to suit the users and environment of a hospital. A contextual inquiry showed the many constraints and standards that had to be met and how they shaped the design solution. Earlier work shows the different methods for touch interaction, interface design and feedback that can be applied for touch screen devices. The resulting design is discussed in relation to the different ways of creating touch screen interfaces, and an example of a work method is presented in the end of the paper on how to design for contextual touch screen devises.</p>

Designing touch screen devices includes many variables off how to address design issues in the best possible way. The design includes what type of touch interaction method is to be used, how the interface is to be designed and in which context it will be used. The problematic issue that has to be dealt with is how the designer must put together all these parameters into one final product. This paper presents the case of re-designing a touch screen bedside monitor, a device used in hospitals to observe the vital signs of patients. The design solution presented deals with the issues of how the device was designed to suit the users and environment of a hospital. A contextual inquiry showed the many constraints and standards that had to be met and how they shaped the design solution. Earlier work shows the different methods for touch interaction, interface design and feedback that can be applied for touch screen devices. The resulting design is discussed in relation to the different ways of creating touch screen interfaces, and an example of a work method is presented in the end of the paper on how to design for contextual touch screen devises.

The EQ-VAS, a measure of self-reported health status, has been operationalized in ways that depart from the original format. The primary purpose of the study was to examine the equivalence of the original paper-based vertical format with a touch screenbased horizontal format. Non-probability sampling was used to recruit 314 subjects intended to reflect the primary socio-demographic characteristics of the general adult population. A two-part questionnaire completed roughly 10 minutes apart was administered in a randomized crossover design. One part was the original paper-based 20cm vertical EQ-VAS; the other part was touch screen computer-based (designed by Assist Technologies) and included, among other items/scales, a horizontal EQ-VAS, the SF-36, and socio-demographic items. A mean difference of ± eight points between the two versions was specified as the minimally important difference (MID). Almost a third (30.1%) of the respondents reported identical scores on both formats and 80.1% of the respondents had difference scores within ± 8 points. The 95% confidence intervals for both samples indicated that the difference in scores was relatively small and below our equivalence threshold. In addition, data collected via touch screen may be more reliable since 22% of subjects did not complete the EQ-VAS paper format as instructed. These results provided evidence for the measurement equivalence of the touch screen EQ-VAS with the original paper format. A secondary purpose was to examine the psychometric properties of an electronic version of the SF-36. Floor and ceiling effects were comparable to that observed in other studies using the paper SF-36 in the general population. All reliability coefficients exceeded 0.70; the range was from 0.75 to 0.93. There was support for the construct validity of the touch screen SF-36, as the direction and strength of the correlations between the SF-36 scales and the EQ-5D domains were as hypothesized. Overall, there was a high level of correspondence between the touch screen SF-36 scores and previously reported paper based SF-36 scores in the general population. The comparable psychometric properties and low level of missing data make touch screen questionnaires a very viable alternative to their paper-based formats.

Mobile touch-screen devices have the capability to accept flexible touch input, and can provide a larger screen than mobile devices with physical buttons. However, many of the user interfaces found in mobile touch-screen devices require visual feedback. This raises a number of user interface challenges. For instance, visually-demanding user interfaces make it difficult for the user to interact with mobile touch-screen devices without looking at the screen---a task the user sometimes wishes to do particularly in a mobile setting. In addition, user interfaces on mobile touch-screen devices are not generally accessible to visually impaired users. Basic tactile feedback (e.g., feedback produced by a single vibration source) can be used to enhance the user experience on mobile touch-screen devices. Unfortunately, this basic tactile feedback often lacks the expressiveness for generating vibration patterns that can be used to convey specific information about the application to the user. However, the availability of richer information accessible through the tactile channel would minimize the visual demand of an application. For example, if the user can perceive which button she is touching on the screen through tactile feedback, she would not need to view the screen, and can instead focus her visual attention towards the primary task (e.g., walking). In this dissertation, I address high visual demand issues found in existing user interfaces on mobile touch-screen devices by using spatial tactile feedback. Spatial tactile feedback means tactile feedback patterns generated in different points of the user's body (the user's fingers and palm in this work). I developed tactile feedback hardware employing multiple vibration motors on the backside of a mobile touch-screen device. These multiple vibration motors can produce various spatial vibration patterns on the user's fingers and palm. I then validated the effects of spatial tactile feedback through three different applications: eyes-free interaction, a map application for visually impaired users, and collaboration support. Findings gained through the series of application-oriented investigations indicate that spatial tactile feedback is a beneficial output modality in mobile touch-screen devices, and can mitigate some visual demand issues.

Mobile touch-screen devices have the capability to accept flexible touch input, and can provide a larger screen than mobile devices with physical buttons. However, many of the user interfaces found in mobile touch-screen devices require visual feedback. This raises a number of user interface challenges. For instance, visually-demanding user interfaces make it difficult for the user to interact with mobile touch-screen devices without looking at the screen---a task the user sometimes wishes to do particularly in a mobile setting. In addition, user interfaces on mobile touch-screen devices are not generally accessible to visually impaired users. Basic tactile feedback (e.g., feedback produced by a single vibration source) can be used to enhance the user experience on mobile touch-screen devices. Unfortunately, this basic tactile feedback often lacks the expressiveness for generating vibration patterns that can be used to convey specific information about the application to the user. However, the availability of richer information accessible through the tactile channel would minimize the visual demand of an application. For example, if the user can perceive which button she is touching on the screen through tactile feedback, she would not need to view the screen, and can instead focus her visual attention towards the primary task (e.g., walking). In this dissertation, I address high visual demand issues found in existing user interfaces on mobile touch-screen devices by using spatial tactile feedback. Spatial tactile feedback means tactile feedback patterns generated in different points of the user's body (the user's fingers and palm in this work). I developed tactile feedback hardware employing multiple vibration motors on the backside of a mobile touch-screen device. These multiple vibration motors can produce various spatial vibration patterns on the user's fingers and palm. I then validated the effects of spatial tactile feedback through three different applications: eyes-free interaction, a map application for visually impaired users, and collaboration support. Findings gained through the series of application-oriented investigations indicate that spatial tactile feedback is a beneficial output modality in mobile touch-screen devices, and can mitigate some visual demand issues.

Tato práce navrhuje dotykové uživatelské rozhraní pro elektromobily. Rozhraní bylo navrženo tak, aby bylo pohodlné na použití pro řidiče a aby bylo snadné z něj vyčíst potřebné informace. Aby bylo možné toto rozhraní integrovat do elektromobilu, tato práce také navrhuje potřebnou softwarovou a systémovou (hardwarovou) architekturu. Nakonec shrnuje co je ještě potřeba udělat, aby bylo možné celý systém integrovat.

<p>Klassisk mus-interaktion har begränsningen att bara en punkt kan aktiveras på skärmen i taget. Interaktionen med de flesta applikationer blir, på grund av detta, sekventiell vilket kan vara en begränsning eftersom människan är van att utforska problem simultant med båda händerna. Flerpunktspekskärmar är en relativt ny teknik som möjliggör nya interaktionsmöjligheter där flera pekpunkter kan vara aktiva simultant. Det här examensarbetet fokuserar på problemen kring att skapa en applikation med användargränssnitt för flerpunktspekskärmar. Applikationen som utvecklats har en grundstruktur vilken är möjlig att vidareutveckla och på så sätt anpassas för att passa nya behov, till skillnad från de implementationer som granskats vid förstudien vilka fokuserar på att lösa specifika problem. Under examensarbetet har också en flerpunktspekskärm byggts av komponenter som kunnat köpas i detaljhandeln.</p> / <p>Classical mouse interaction is limited in that only a single screen point at a time can be activated. Most application interaction is, due to this, performed in a sequential manner. This may be a limiting factor as humans by nature explore problems with both hands simultaneously. Multi-touch screens are a relatively new type of technology that enables new ways of interaction where multiple touch points can exist simultaneously. This thesis focuses on the problem with developing an application with a user interface designed for multi-touch screens. The application that has been developed defines a base structure from which future applications can be developed, unlike implementations examined in the feasibility study which mainly focus on solving specific problems. A multi-touch screen is also built using standard off the shelf components.</p>

Klassisk mus-interaktion har begränsningen att bara en punkt kan aktiveras på skärmen i taget. Interaktionen med de flesta applikationer blir, på grund av detta, sekventiell vilket kan vara en begränsning eftersom människan är van att utforska problem simultant med båda händerna. Flerpunktspekskärmar är en relativt ny teknik som möjliggör nya interaktionsmöjligheter där flera pekpunkter kan vara aktiva simultant. Det här examensarbetet fokuserar på problemen kring att skapa en applikation med användargränssnitt för flerpunktspekskärmar. Applikationen som utvecklats har en grundstruktur vilken är möjlig att vidareutveckla och på så sätt anpassas för att passa nya behov, till skillnad från de implementationer som granskats vid förstudien vilka fokuserar på att lösa specifika problem. Under examensarbetet har också en flerpunktspekskärm byggts av komponenter som kunnat köpas i detaljhandeln. / Classical mouse interaction is limited in that only a single screen point at a time can be activated. Most application interaction is, due to this, performed in a sequential manner. This may be a limiting factor as humans by nature explore problems with both hands simultaneously. Multi-touch screens are a relatively new type of technology that enables new ways of interaction where multiple touch points can exist simultaneously. This thesis focuses on the problem with developing an application with a user interface designed for multi-touch screens. The application that has been developed defines a base structure from which future applications can be developed, unlike implementations examined in the feasibility study which mainly focus on solving specific problems. A multi-touch screen is also built using standard off the shelf components.