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Nowadays, a wide range of nanoparticles is used in different fields of human acti-vities. These relatively are well-researched. However, with the development of new nanomaterials, new possibilities for their use both in nanomedicine and in other fields are possible. This phenomenon is accompanied by potential toxic risks of these mate-rials. The presented thesis deals with the extensive topic of cytotoxicity of both nanoma-terials and their modification for better binding of cytostatics to increase their effi-cacy. Experimental work is focused on the interaction of nanomaterials with the cells and their environment, the determination of the toxicity of nanomaterials and their potential use in nanomedicine. The main aim of my thesis was to prepare a comprehensive summary about nano-materials, their physico-chemical properties, to modify nanoparticles surface to provi-de an entity for targeted drug delivery and to test cytotoxicity on selected cell lines.

This work summarizes important information about microalgae and nanoparticles. It deals with the possible mechanism of the effect of nanoparticles, describes some of the most used nanoparticles and summarizes available information on their toxic impact on algae. The main research part deals with the influence of nanoparticles on the secondary metabolism of uni-cellular microalgae, focused mainly on phenolic compounds and their role in the antioxidant response of microalgae. The level of oxidative stress was investigated by evaluating biomass growth, total antioxidant capacity and concentration changes of compounds involved in the glutathione-ascorbate cycle. This work also focused on carotenoids, chlorophylls, vitamins, that play an important role as antioxidants, and substances of the methionine cycle. Total quantities of flavonoid compounds and polyphenols were determined by spectrophoto-metric method. The same method was also used to monitor algal growth, total antioxidant capacity, chlorophyll and carotenoid content. The content of individual phenolic compounds, as well as the vitamins and compounds of glutathione-ascorbate and methionine cycles, was determined by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection.

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This work studied distastefulness of alkaloids of eight ladybird species (Adalia bipunctata, Calvia quatuordecimguttata, Coccinella septempunctata, Cynegetis impunctata, Exochomus quadripustulatus, Halyzia sedecimguttata, Harmonia axyridis, Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata) for ants Lasius niger. The reaction to extracts of various ladybird species isn´t corelated with their size. There is a weak relationship of distastefulness on ladybird coloration.

1 Abstract The goal of the thesis is to determine acute toxicity indices of seven alcohols (2-ethoxyethanol, 1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-2-butanol, 3-hexanol, 2-methyl-3-hexanol, 1-nonanol) by two different alternative methods. Another goal is to create QSAR models to predict the acute toxicities of alcohols which belong into model limits. First of the methods used is based on the movement inhibition of lower animals Tubifex tubifex. The method provides the acute toxicity indices EC50. The second method uses the cell line of mouse fibroblasts called Balb/c 3T3 and it provides the acute toxicity indices IC50. The IC50 were recalculated to the LD50 values that correspond to the oral administration of alcohols to a rat. It has been found that 1-nonanol is included into the category of alcohols classified as acute oral toxic according to the EU CLP system. Other six alcohols are non-classified as acute oral toxic. Subsequently, accurate QSAR models has been created in order to predict the acute toxicity of other alcohols using Tubifex tubifex specie or Balb/c 3T3 cell line. The models are suitable for saturated, branched, ethoxy- and cyclic alcohols with the log POW value from −0.74 to 3.07. It was necessary to exclude the acute toxicity indices of 1-nonanol from these models as some solubility...

The aim of this dissertation is to test the toxicity of the leachates at the landfill Štěpánovice with municipal solid waste. From literary works, the focus has been put on the legal regulations concerning the landfills waste. Furthermore, the attention has been drawn to the municipal wastes and their statistics, and also to the landfills and their engineering controls/technical security with the emphasis on the landfills monitoring. The issues of toxicology and its methods are described in the conclusion of the first section of the dissertation. The experimental section is based on the evaluation of the leachates which had been collected at the landfill Štěpánovice. The testing has been done on the basis of Toxicology testing with a semi-chronic exposure to the common duckweed (Lemna minor L). Consequently, the calculations of the growth inhibition have been carried out and analysed.

Cílem práce bylo zhodnotit vliv pesticidů na bázi triazinů (účinná látka metribuzin) a pyrethroidů (účinná látka bifenthrin) na kapra obecného (Cyprinus carpio) na základě výsledků testu akutní toxicity a výsledků hematologického a biochemického vyšetření plazmy. Hodnota 96hLC50 pro přípravek Sencor 70 WG (s účinnou látkou 70% metribuzinu) byla 250,2 mg.l-1. U kapra obecného po 96h expozici v koncentraci 250,2 mg.l-1 Sencoru 70 WG došlo k významnému snížení (p<0,01) celkových bílkovin, triglyceridů, laktát dehydrogenázy, anorganického fosfátu, hodnot hemoglobinu, hematokritové hodnoty, středního objemu erytrocytu, počtu leukocytů. a významnému zvýšení (p<0,01)glukózy, amoniaku a vápníku. Hodnota 96hLC50 pro přípravek Talstar 10 EC (s účinnou látkou 100 g.l-1 bifenthrinu) byla 57,5{$\mu$}g.l-1. U kapra obecného po 96h expozici v koncentraci 57,5{$\mu$}g.l-1 Talstaru 10 EC došlo k významnému zvýšení hodnot (p<0,01) u glukózy, amoniaku a aspartát aminotransferázy. Pesticidní přípravek na bázi triazinů Sencor 70WG byl zařazen mezi přípravky, které můžou vyvolat dlouhodobé nepříznivé účinky ve vodním prostředí. Pesticidní přípravek na bázi pyrethroidů Talstar 10 EC byl zařazen mezi přípravky, které jsou vysoce toxické pro ryby.

This work is focused on verification of p-Nitrotoluenu toxicity and compounds resulting from the aerobic transformation, and methyl group oxidation and reduction of nitro. Some of these products are not commercially available and had to be made soon. Toxicity of the substances was determined by toxicity tests. Were tested root growth inhibition Sinapis alba, which resulted in an inhibitory concentration IC50; test inhibition duckweed Lemna minor , which was also the determination of IC50 inhibitory concentration, and acute toxicity test Artemia salina, which was observed in mortality and immobility organisms and the test result was an efficient concentration EC50 value. Results of tests are compared in the conclusion of the work and is made evaluation of the toxicity of individual substances.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to create an overview of colorantsauthorized for use in pharmaceutical products, conditions of their use and to characterize selected colorants in detail. The thesis is focused on the analysis on the health impact of the colorants. Their connection with child behaviour disorders and allergic reactions is described minutely. Part of the thesis is devoted to pointong out which colorants show the least negative impact on health as well as colorants with the highest incidence of side effects. A chapter describing the legislation on colorants in pharmaceuticals is also included. It is obvious, that natural colorants present a lower risk of side effects than synthetic colorants. Synthetic colorants with the highest incidence of side effects include the richly represented group of azo colorants, which causes ADHD in children and in hypersensitive patients, along with the natural colorant carmine, also allergy. Key words: colorants, natural colorants, synthetic colorants, allergic reaction, behaviour disorder, ADHD