Nowadays, a wide range of nanoparticles is used in different fields of human acti-vities. These relatively are well-researched. However, with the development of new nanomaterials, new possibilities for their use both in nanomedicine and in other fields are possible. This phenomenon is accompanied by potential toxic risks of these mate-rials. The presented thesis deals with the extensive topic of cytotoxicity of both nanoma-terials and their modification for better binding of cytostatics to increase their effi-cacy. Experimental work is focused on the interaction of nanomaterials with the cells and their environment, the determination of the toxicity of nanomaterials and their potential use in nanomedicine. The main aim of my thesis was to prepare a comprehensive summary about nano-materials, their physico-chemical properties, to modify nanoparticles surface to provi-de an entity for targeted drug delivery and to test cytotoxicity on selected cell lines.