Nous avons développé un nouveau ballonnet pour l'occlusion trachéale fœtale par endoscopie (FETO) qui permet une levée de l'occlusion facile, par contrôle externe et non-invasive. Ce ballonnet "Smart-TO" permet d'éviter les problèmes liés au rétablissement des voies aériennes. La solution technique est basée sur une valve magnétique dont l'ouverture est contrôlée par le champ de fuite d'une IRM. L'ouverture de la valve provoque la vidange du ballonnet, qui est ensuite expulsé par les sécrétions pulmonaires. Les tests d'imperméabilité, d'occlusion et de fonctionnement sont prometteurs. Une toute première expérimentation sur le modèle du singe a montré la bonne fonctionnalité et fonctionnement du ballonnet "Smart-TO". D'autres tests in vitro ainsi que d'autres tests animaux sont prévus. Un brevet a été déposé en 2016. Une analyse de risques préliminaire, une exploration des chemins réglementaires et une étude de marché ont été initiés mais sont encore en cours. / We developed a new balloon for Fetal Endoscopic Tracheal Occlusion (FETO) which allows an easy, remotely controlled, and non-invasive reversal occlusion. This "Smart-TO" balloon to overcome issues related to the airway reestablishment. The technology is based on a magnetic valve whose opening is actuated by the fringe field of an MRI scanner. The opeing of the valve induces the deflation of the balloon, which is then washed out by the fluid coming out from the lungs. The impermeability, occlusion and operation tests are promising. A very first experimentation on the monkey model showed appropriate functionality and operation of the "Smart-TO" balloon. Further in vitro and animal tests are planned. A patent has been filed in 2016. Preliminary risk analysis, regulatory routes exploration, and market study have been started but are still ongoing.

L’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) correspond à une augmentation des résistances artérielles pulmonaires, avec dans les formes les plus graves, une défaillance cardiaque droite. L’HTAP persistante du nouveau-né (HTAPP) est estimée à 2/100 naissances en France. L’adaptation cardio-respiratoire à la naissance implique le déclenchement simultané de plusieurs phénomènes non complètements compris. Notre travail avait pour but d’approfondir les connaissances sur la régulation pulmonaire périnatale et d’envisager de nouvelles possibilités thérapeutiques. Ainsi, nous avons mis en évidence in vivo une vasoconstriction pulmonaires chez le fœtus lors du tabagisme passif maternel, par blocage de la voie du NO. De même, nous avons pu montrer l’effet vasoconstricteur de l’apeline sur les artères pulmonaires de fœtus de brebis. Cet effet semble dose dépendant, inhibé par l’action des inhibiteurs calciques. Au contraire nous avons mis en évidence un effet vasodilatateur de la Déhydroépiandrostérone (DHEA). Cette action est médiée par la voie du NO. Parallèlement, nous avons montré que les acides gras poly insaturés ω 3 (AGPIω3) entrainaient une vasodilatation pulmonaire, se prolongeant au delà d’une heure après l’arrêt de la perfusion. Cet effet est médié par l’ouverture des canaux potassiques et indépendant de la voie du NO. Parmi les AGPIω3, nous avons établi que l’acide eicosapentaénoïque (EPA) qui induit cette réponse sans effet délétère sur la circulation systémique, ni l’oxygénation tissulaire. Enfin, nous avons établi que l’occlusion trachéale (OT) anténatale, traitement proposé pour certaine hypoplasie pulmonaire malformative, n’altère pas le débit pulmonaire, en favorisant la dilatation pulmonaire. Mais en cas d’OT prolongée, ces effets sont en partie masqués par les effets mécaniques de la pression intraluminale. Ainsi grâce à ces travaux, nous avons avancé dans la compréhension de l’adaptation de la circulation pulmonaire de la vie intra à la vie extra utérine. Ils permettent aussi de proposer de nouvelles thérapeutiques comme la supplémentation en AGPIω 3 des femmes attendant un enfant à risque d’HTAP, et d’envisager de nouvelles voies de recherche thérapeutique comme la voie de l’apeline. / Persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPH) corresponds to an increase in pulmonary arterial resistance, with in the most severe forms, right heart failure. The persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is estimated at 2/100 births in France. The cardiorespiratory adaptation at birth involves the simultaneous triggering of several phenomena including non completions. Our work aimed to increase knowledge on the regulation of perinatal pulmonary and consider new therapeutic possibilities. Thus, we have demonstrated in vivo pulmonary vasoconstriction in the fetus when maternal passive smoking, by blocking the NO pathway. Similarly, we demonstrated the vasoconstrictor effect of apelin infusion on the pulmonary arteries of fetal sheep. This effect appears dose dependent, inhibited by the action of calcium channel blockers. Instead we have shown a vasodilatory effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). This action is mediated by the NO pathway. In parallel, we have shown that polyunsaturated fatty acids ω 3 (AGPIω3) would cause pulmonary vasodilation, extending beyond an hour after stopping the infusion. This effect is mediated by the opening of potassium channels and independent of the NO pathway. Among AGPIω3, we found that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) that induces this response without deleterious effect on the systemic circulation or tissue oxygenation. Finally, we established that the antenatal tracheal occlusion (TO), treatment proposed for some malformative pulmonary hypoplasia, does not alter pulmonary blood flow, promoting lung expansion. But in case of prolonged OT, these effects are partly masked by the mechanical effects of intraluminal pressure. And through this work, we have made progress in understanding the adaptation of the pulmonary circulation of the intra to extrauterine life. They also suggest new therapeutic, like supplementation as AGPIω for women expecting a child at risk for PAH, and to consider new possibility of therapeutic research like the way of apelin.

INTRODUCTION. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) combines a congenital malformation of the diaphragm with lung hypoplasia, leading to severe respiratory distress and intractable pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Despite advances in prenatal diagnosis and neonatal intensive care, CDH is associated with high mortality and devastating morbidities. In the absence of curative treatment, numerous prenatal therapies have been used experimentally with varying success. So far, only fetal tracheal occlusion has been tested in clinical trials, but the consequences for the human lung are poorly known. AIMS. To further characterize the rabbit model of CDH, which was subsequently used to assess the effects of prenatal therapies on airway and pulmonary vascular development, including tracheal occlusion, and two novel approaches, perfluorooctylbromide and an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase (BAY 41–2272), which were given through tracheal instillation.METHODS. After a diaphragmatic incision during the pseudoglandular stage, fetal rabbits were randomized against placebo/sham operation during the saccular stage for tracheal occlusion, perfluorocarbon or BAY 41–2272. At term operated fetuses and controls were subject to evaluation of lung mechanics and/or hemodynamics as well as postmortem lung analyses. Human fetal and neonatal lung tissue, including controls and CDH with tracheal occlusion or expectant management, was analyzed histologically and biochemically.RESULTS. The rabbit model of CDH was characterized by reduced lung volumes and impaired compliance, disorders of elastin deposition within alveolar walls, and downregulation of elastogenesis-related genes. Moreover, this model reproduced features of pulmonary hypertension, including high right ventricular pressure and level of N-terminal-pro-B type natriuretic peptide, remodeling of pulmonary arterioles, decreased alveolar capillary density, and downregulation of vasodilation-related genes. In the rabbit model, lung distension caused by tracheal occlusion improved alveolar formation and elastogenesis, yet without correction of lung mechanical parameters. Tracheal occlusion increased also the expression of other extracellular matrix components, which reflected myofibroblast activity, and reduced the transcription of surfactant-associated proteins. Human neonatal lungs exposed to fetal tracheal occlusion displayed alveolar deposits of collagen and myofibroblasts. In human CDH as well as in the rabbit model of CDH, tracheal occlusion enhanced the pulmonary expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and Rho kinase−associated proteins to the detriment of activation of SMAD2/3, which is normally detected in human lungs with advancing gestation. As an alternative to tracheal occlusion, pulmonary distension by perfluorocarbon in the fetal rabbit model of CDH improved lung mechanics and alveolar elastogenesis without transcriptional changes in extracellular matrix, surfactant protein genes or TGFβ. Finally, intratracheal instillation of BAY 41–2272 in the rabbit fetuses with CDH improved hemodynamics, reduced medial hypertrophy of pulmonary arterioles, and increased capillary bed formation by stimulating endothelial cell proliferation.CONCLUSIONS. In the fetal rabbit model of CDH, poor lung function after tracheal occlusion is compatible with activation of TGFβ and imbalance in extracellular matrix and epithelial homeostasis. In human CDH newborns treated by fetal tracheal occlusion, changes in the pulmonary interstitium and impaired TGFβ signaling raise the question of disturbances of postnatal lung development induced by tracheal occlusion. As potential alternatives to tracheal occlusion, prenatal perfluorocarbon improves lung hypoplasia, whereas prenatal BAY 41–2272 attenuates pulmonary hypertension. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished