La présence de la sigillée gauloise en Transpadanie occidentale est connue de longue date par les chercheurs locaux, mais cela reste peu connu à la fois aux niveaux national italien et international. On en ignore surtout la portée. Un pourcentage de sigillée gauloise très important découverte dans chantiers de fouille immédiatement à l’intérieur de l’enceinte romaine de Turin, a modifié cette perspective. Il est apparu que les sigillées gauloises ne pouvaient plus être considérées comme une présence sporadique, ni comme le résultat de réapprovisionnements destinés exclusivement aux classes les plus aisées, mais constituaient un indicateur économique important. De cette constatation est née la nécessité de reprendre l’examen des attestations de sigillées gauloises en Transpadanie occidentale dans leur ensemble, y compris par comparaison avec la situation d’autres réalités de l’Italie du Nord, avec l’objectif d’établir non seulement la provenance du vaisselle, mais aussi des routes commerciales empruntées. La voie principale d’approvisionnement de toute la Cisalpine a été le Pô. Huile, vin et garum, atteignent les marchés transpadanes et de la Ligurie interne par voie fluviale, partant des côtes adriatiques et orientales et aussi depuis la péninsule ibérique. Le choix d’utiliser la diffusion des sigillées de la Gaule centrale en tant que fossile directeur pour reconstituer l’existence d’une voie de circulation commerciale en Cisalpine d’ouest en est naît de l’idée que l’on est en présence de produits qui ne disposent plus d’un réseau de distribution méditerranéen, alors qu’ils se concentrent en revanche en Europe continentale et en Bretagne. / The presence of the Gaulish Terra Sigillata in Transpadana has been well known for a very long time by local researchers, but on an Italian national and an international level, it is hardly known. Most importantly, its extent has been ignored. A very important amount of Gaulish Terra Sigillata, discovered on an excavation site immediately close to the city wall, inside and outside the Roman settlement of Turin, radically modified this idea. It has very quickly become apparent that the Gaulish Terra Sigillata cannot be considered as a random find any more, nor the result of supplying intended exclusively to the upper classes, but constituting a rather important economic indicator. From this observation, the need to re-examine the evidence of Gaulish Terra Sigillata in western Cisalpine is clear, including the need to compare the situation with others in northern Italy, with the aim to establish, not only the provenance of the crockery, but also, above all, the trade route that was used. The main trade route in the whole of Cisalpine Gaul was the river Po. Oil, wine and garum reached the markets of Transpadana and internal Liguria by waterway from the Adriatic and eastern coasts and, probably also, from the Iberian Peninsula. The decision to use the Terra Sigillata of central Gaul as a type fossil to reconstruct a circulation route from the west to the east of Cisalpine, with more or less distant provenances, was based on the consideration that these products didn’t use the Mediterranean distribution network any more, but actually they concentrated on continental Europe and Brittany.

The growing world population accompanied by an increase in GDP is effectively raising the demand for energy. One of the options are unconventional means of oil and gas, originating mainly from shales and oil sands. The goal of this thesis is to introduce the reader to unconventional means and their influence on international business. After a short introduction and definition an analysis of the situation in the U.S. follows, where the recent years have brought an increase in production from unconventional sources. The positive influence on the economy, employment and energetic security will be mentioned same as possible impacts on the environment. Furthermore the paper provides an analysis of the potential of repeating the U.S. shale revolution in other countries, with special focus on the EU. The success of unconventional sources opens the possibility of new trade routes, influence on the trade balance and the potential of influencing the whole gas market. However, it will also have an impact on current oil and gas producers. Considering the close bond between energetic security and politics, the thesis closes with an analysis of influences on the economy and politics of both -- current oil and gas producers and countries, which might be directly and indirectly affected by changes in the oil and gas market.