Na presente pesquisa abordamos as formas departicipiais alemãs. Estas formas são pouco prototípicas e apresentam usos em diferentes categorias sintáticas sincronicamente. Este fenômeno é denominado transcategorialidade. Itens transcategoriais têm como característica a pluralidade categorial, isto é, encontram-se em mais de uma categoria sintática no mesmo recorte cronológico. A transcategorialidade ocorre quando um item se insere em múltiplas categorias simultaneamente, não se tratando de um estágio de mudança transitório de uma classe de palavras para outra. As formas departicipiais estudadas são formas transcategoriais porque são averiguadas em mais de uma categoria e apresentam características de cada classe em que se inserem. Observamos que estas formas passaram tanto pelo processo de lexicalização como de gramaticalização para atingir a pluralidade de empregos sintáticos. No que tange à lexicalização, essas formas passam pelo processo de conversão para fazer parte de classes lexicais como adjetivos e advérbios. No caso da gramaticalização, as formas departicipiais, por meio do mecanismo de reanálise, integram classes mais gramaticais como preposições e conjunções. Algumas das formas departicipiais estudadas são encontradas em até quatro categorias distintas. O objetivo do trabalho é descrever as ocorrências dessas formas de acordo com os seus diversos usos. Para tanto, compilamos um corpus de pesquisa a partir de textos autênticos sincrônicos, entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Com base nas entradas do corpus, analisamos as formas departicipiais e determinamos em quais classes cada forma estudada se insere. Utilizamos provas comprobatórias e a análise do ambiente sintático de cada uso a fim de comprovar os empregos nas diferentes classes de palavras. / In this study, German departicipial forms are evaluated. These forms are little prototypical and synchronically used in different syntactic categories. This phenomenon is called transcategoriality. Transcategorial items are characterized by categorical plurality, falling into more than one syntactic category at the same chronological moment. Transcategoriality occurs when an item can be simultaneously placed into multiple categories and does not represent a transitional stage from one word class to another. The studied departicipial forms were classified as transcategorial forms because they fell into more than one category and showed the characteristics of each class to which they were assigned. These forms went through both the lexicalization and grammaticalization processes to achieve plurality of syntactic uses. In terms of lexicalization, these forms went through a conversion process to be part of lexical classes as adjectives and adverbs. In the case of grammaticalization, departicipial forms integrated more grammatical classes, such as prepositions and conjunctions, through the reanalysis mechanism. Some of the studied departicipial forms were found in up to four distinct categories. The aim of this study is to describe the occurrences of these forms according to their different uses. Thus, a corpus of research was compiled based on authentic synchronic texts from 2014 to 2015. Based on the entries in the corpus, departicipial forms were analyzed and their word classes were determined. Evidence and analysis of the syntactic environment of each use were utilized to verify the uses of the forms in the different word classes.

Na presente pesquisa abordamos as formas departicipiais alemãs. Estas formas são pouco prototípicas e apresentam usos em diferentes categorias sintáticas sincronicamente. Este fenômeno é denominado transcategorialidade. Itens transcategoriais têm como característica a pluralidade categorial, isto é, encontram-se em mais de uma categoria sintática no mesmo recorte cronológico. A transcategorialidade ocorre quando um item se insere em múltiplas categorias simultaneamente, não se tratando de um estágio de mudança transitório de uma classe de palavras para outra. As formas departicipiais estudadas são formas transcategoriais porque são averiguadas em mais de uma categoria e apresentam características de cada classe em que se inserem. Observamos que estas formas passaram tanto pelo processo de lexicalização como de gramaticalização para atingir a pluralidade de empregos sintáticos. No que tange à lexicalização, essas formas passam pelo processo de conversão para fazer parte de classes lexicais como adjetivos e advérbios. No caso da gramaticalização, as formas departicipiais, por meio do mecanismo de reanálise, integram classes mais gramaticais como preposições e conjunções. Algumas das formas departicipiais estudadas são encontradas em até quatro categorias distintas. O objetivo do trabalho é descrever as ocorrências dessas formas de acordo com os seus diversos usos. Para tanto, compilamos um corpus de pesquisa a partir de textos autênticos sincrônicos, entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Com base nas entradas do corpus, analisamos as formas departicipiais e determinamos em quais classes cada forma estudada se insere. Utilizamos provas comprobatórias e a análise do ambiente sintático de cada uso a fim de comprovar os empregos nas diferentes classes de palavras. / In this study, German departicipial forms are evaluated. These forms are little prototypical and synchronically used in different syntactic categories. This phenomenon is called transcategoriality. Transcategorial items are characterized by categorical plurality, falling into more than one syntactic category at the same chronological moment. Transcategoriality occurs when an item can be simultaneously placed into multiple categories and does not represent a transitional stage from one word class to another. The studied departicipial forms were classified as transcategorial forms because they fell into more than one category and showed the characteristics of each class to which they were assigned. These forms went through both the lexicalization and grammaticalization processes to achieve plurality of syntactic uses. In terms of lexicalization, these forms went through a conversion process to be part of lexical classes as adjectives and adverbs. In the case of grammaticalization, departicipial forms integrated more grammatical classes, such as prepositions and conjunctions, through the reanalysis mechanism. Some of the studied departicipial forms were found in up to four distinct categories. The aim of this study is to describe the occurrences of these forms according to their different uses. Thus, a corpus of research was compiled based on authentic synchronic texts from 2014 to 2015. Based on the entries in the corpus, departicipial forms were analyzed and their word classes were determined. Evidence and analysis of the syntactic environment of each use were utilized to verify the uses of the forms in the different word classes.

Cette thèse est une contribution à la description du kmhmouʔ – langue à tradition orale parlée au Laos. Elle présente les caractéristiques générales de cette langue peu décrite dans la région de l’Asie du Sud-Est comme le montre notre référence bibliographique.Le kmhmouʔ, langue isolante, est dépourvue de marqueurs grammaticaux morphologiques. Les mots du kmhmouʔ sont pour la plupart pluricatégoriels et plurifonctionnels : la distinction verbo-nominale se fonde essentiellement sur des critères combinatoires. Les noms sont des noms massifs portant une signification notionnelle, et leur référentialité est conditionnée à la présence de déterminants nominaux (classificateurs, déictiques, quantifieurs et épithètes qualificatives) ; en l’absence de morphologie verbale, le temps, l’aspect et le mode peuvent être soit non-marqués et identifiables par le contexte, marqués par des moyens lexicaux de type adverbial ou circonstanciel, ou marqués par des particules d’origine catégorielle variée (majoritairement verbale), et le plus souvent empruntées aux langues de contact. La description grammaticale s’appuie sur des données spontanées recueillies lors d’un travail de terrain dans les villages kmhmouʔ et à la radio nationale lao pour l’émission en kmhmouʔ. Le travail de terrain a été conduit en kmhmouʔ, et l’analyse et l’interprétation du corpus ont bénéficié du fait que l’auteur est locuteur natif. Une partie du corpus recueilli (1h30 au total) est présenté en annexe, intégralement glosé et traduit en français et en lao. Cette thèse, outre qu’elle rend disponible pour la première fois les données et la grammaire du dialecte du kmhmouʔ de l’Est, ouvre des pistes de réflexion particulièrement intéressantes pour les travaux en typologie des langues isolantes et de la transcatégorialité, ainsi que la réflexion sur le rôle du contact de langue dans la grammaticalisation. / This dissertation is a contribution to the description of Kmhmouʔ, a language with an oral tradition spoken in Laos. It presents the general characteristics of this language, which is among the less described languages of the region of Southeast Asia, as shown by the bibliography. Kmhmouʔ, an isolating language, does not exhibit any grammatical morphology. Words are mostly multi-categorial as regards parts of speech, and multi-functional: the verb-noun distinction is based essentially on combinatory properties of words. Nouns are basically all mass terms bearing a notional meaning, and they become countable and referential by means of determiners (classifiers, deictics, quantifiers and qualifiers); due to the lack of verb morphology, tense, aspect and mood can be either unmarked and identifiable by the context, marked by lexical means (adverbs or adverbial phrases), or marked by particles originating from various parts of speech (mostly verbs), and for the most part borrowed from contact languages.This grammatical description is based on spontaneous data collected during fieldwork in Kmhmouʔ villages and from the Lao national radio (Kmhmouʔ broadcast). The fieldwork was conducted in Kmhmouʔ, and the analysis and interpretation of the corpus benefited from the fact that the author is native speaker of Kmhmouʔ. A significant part of the corpus (1h30 in total) is provided in an appendix, fully glossed and translated into French and Lao.This thesis, besides making data and grammar of the Eastern Kmhmouʔ dialect available for the first time, opens up some new and challenging paths for the study of the typology of isolating languages and transcategoriality, as well as for studies of the role of language contact in grammaticalization.