Spelling suggestions: "subject:"intracranial ultrasound""
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Transcranial Ultrasound as a Potential Intervention for DepressionReznik, Samantha Jill January 2016 (has links)
Anxiety and depression are highly prevalent and often comorbid disorders that cause significant personal and economic burdens (Lépine, 2001). Because a significant number of people with depression do not respond to therapy (Fava, 2003), the development of alternative treatment methods may lessen the burden of such mental disorders. Recent research has focused on brain stimulation methods, many of which require invasive surgery or have limited precision in targeting specific areas. Transcranial ultrasound (TUS) is an alternative, noninvasive brain stimulation method that has greater spatial precision than existing methods (Tufail, 2011). TUS has been found to excite neurons in animal brains (Tufail et. al, 2010) and increase positive mood in humans (Sanguinetti et al, 2013). The present study examined TUS, for the first time, as a potential mood intervention. Twenty-four college students with mild to moderate depressive symptoms were randomly assigned to TUS stimulation or TUS sham (no power administered). Participants completed one TUS session each day for five days. Although depression scores did not change differentially for TUS/Sham, trait worry decreased in the stimulation but not the sham condition. Additionally, those in the stimulation condition rated themselves significantly less tense ten minutes after stimulation compared to those in the sham condition. TUS stimulation did not impact a brain electrical activity index associated with approach motivation, frontal asymmetry. These results have significant implications for the potential utility of TUS as an intervention for anxiety disorders or worry-related psychopathology, warranting future investigation of implicated brain electrical activity and mood changes.
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Transcranial Ultrasound as a Potential Modality for Real-Time Observation of Brain MotionJames, Sheronica L. 04 April 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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The Ultrasound Brain Helmet: Simultaneous Multi-transducer 3D Transcranial Ultrasound ImagingLindsey, Brooks January 2012 (has links)
<p>In this work, I examine the problem of rapid imaging of stroke and present ultrasound-based approaches for addressing it. Specifically, this dissertation discusses aberration and attenuation due to the skull as sources of image degradation and presents a prototype system for simultaneous 3D bilateral imaging via both temporal acoustic windows. This system uses custom sparse array transducers built on flexible multilayer circuits that can be positioned for simultaneous imaging via both temporal acoustic windows, allowing for registration and fusion of multiple real-time 3D scans of cerebral vasculature. I examine hardware considerations for new matrix arrays--transducer design and interconnects--in this application. Specifically, it is proposed that signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) may be increased by reducing the length of probe cables. This claim is evaluated as part of the presented system through simulation, experimental data, and in vivo imaging. Ultimately, gains in SNR of 7 dB are realized by replacing a standard probe cable with a much shorter flex interconnect; higher gains may be possible using ribbon-based probe cables. In vivo images are presented depicting cerebral arteries with and without the use of microbubble contrast agent that have been registered and fused using a search algorithm which maximizes normalized cross-correlation. </p><p>The scanning geometry of a brain helmet-type system is also utilized to allow each matrix array to serve as a correction source for the opposing array. Aberration is estimated using cross-correlation of RF channel signals followed by least mean squares solution of the resulting overdetermined system. Delay maps are updated and real-time 3D scanning resumes. A first attempt is made at using multiple arrival time maps to correct multiple unique aberrators within a single transcranial imaging volume, i.e. several isoplanatic patches. This adaptive imaging technique, which uses steered unfocused waves transmitted by the opposing or "beacon" array, updates the transmit and receive delays of 5 isoplanatic patches within a 64°×64° volume. In phantom experiments, color flow voxels above a common threshold have increased by an average of 92% while color flow variance decreased by an average of 10%. This approach has been applied to both temporal acoustic windows of two human subjects, yielding increases in echo brightness in 5 isoplanatic patches with a mean value of 24.3 ± 9.1%, suggesting such a technique may be beneficial in the future for improving image quality in non-invasive 3D color flow imaging of cerebrovascular disease including stroke.</p><p>Acoustic window failure and the possibility of overcoming it using a low frequency, large aperture array are also examined. In performing transcranial ultrasound examinations, 8-29% of patients in a general population may present with window failure, in which it is not possible to acquire clinically useful sonographic information through the temporal acoustic window. The incidence of window failure is higher in the elderly and in populations of African descent, making window failure an important concern for stroke imaging through the intact skull. To this end, I describe the technical considerations, design, and fabrication of low-frequency (1.2 MHz), large aperture (25.3 mm) sparse matrix array transducers for 3D imaging in the event of window failure. These transducers are integrated into the existing system for real-time 3D bilateral transcranial imaging and color flow imaging capabilities at 1.2 MHz are directly compared with arrays operating at 1.8 MHz in a flow phantom with approximately 47 dB/cm0.8/MHz0.8 attenuators. In vivo contrast-enhanced imaging allowed visualization of the arteries of the Circle of Willis in 5 of 5 subjects and 8 of 10 sides of the head despite probe placement outside of the acoustic window. Results suggest that the decrease from approximately 2 to 1 MHz for 3D transcranial ultrasound may be sufficient to allow acquisition of useful images either in individuals with poor windows or outside of the temporal acoustic window by untrained operators in the field.</p> / Dissertation
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Acoustic Holograms for Hyperthermia and Transcranial UltrasoundAndrés Bautista, Diana 04 July 2024 (has links)
[ES] Los ultrasonidos se han empleado desde los años 90 para el tratamiento de múltiples patologías gracias a su carácter no invasivo y no ionizante, desde el tratamiento localizado del cáncer hasta terapias neurológicas. La focalización de estas ondas de presión y la conformación del haz ha sido un problema que desde varias perspectivas se ha intentado abordar, con el uso de lentes focalizadoras, transductores focalizados y los más sofisticados sistemas phased-array compuestos por múltiples transductores con control electrónico de amplitud y fase. Estos sistemas presentan varios inconvenientes, como el escaso control del haz que ofrecen los transductores focalizados, con un foco fijo y sin control de las posibles distorsiones del campo que puede introducir el medio, o el elevado coste derivado de la compleja electrónica de los sistemas phased-arrays, aunque proporcionan un mejor control del foco y compensación de aberraciones.
La revolucionaria idea de los hologramas acústicos como elementos pasivos impresos con tecnología 3D llegó como una alternativa de bajo coste a los previos sistemas. En primer lugar se describió su uso en medios homogéneos para generar las más diversas imágenes acústicas, pero pronto se empezó a estudiar su viabilidad para focalizar haces de ultrasonidos en el interior del cerebro, resultando ser muy útiles en la corrección de las aberraciones que el cráneo introduce en el frente de ondas. Las lentes holográficas son capaces de codificar tanto el campo que se desea generar como las distorsiones de fase que puede introducir el medio en el que se propagan los ultrasonidos.
En esta tesis se estudia el diseño de hologramas acústicos y su aplicación en el ámbito biomédico. La tesis puede ser dividida en tres grandes partes: una primera en la cual se describen nuevos métodos para el diseño de lentes holográficas, una segunda en la que se emplean los hologramas ultrasónicos para generación de hipertermia, y una tercera en la que se estudia su uso para terapias transcraneales.
En la primera parte de la tesis se investiga el diseño de lentes holográficas para transductores con geometría esférica como alternativa a las lentes planas ya descritas previamente. Además, se estudia un nuevo método para codificar el campo acústico en las lentes de forma que se mejore la imagen producida por ellas, ajustándose más a la deseada.
En la segunda parte se estudia cómo es el patrón térmico que genera el campo acústico producido por una lente holográfica cuando se aplica sobre un material con absorción acústica y cómo afecta la difusión térmica a éste. Esta difusión tiene como efecto que el patrón térmico con el tiempo no se parezca al acústico, y que las lentes deban tener en cuenta este proceso en su diseño para aplicaciones térmicas, especialmente si se desean regiones uniformes de calentamiento. Se demuestra cómo la hipertermia generada por ultrasonidos es más dañina en esferoides de células tumorales que la hipertermia tradicional.
En la tercera parte se demuestra la viabilidad de los hologramas ultrasónicos para tratamientos neurológicos, aplicados desde la ventana temporal para reducir el eventual calentamiento del hueso que se produce. Además, se estudia en experimentos ex-vivo el campo acústico producido por lentes holográficas a través de un cráneo de macaco, aplicando técnicas de proyección holográfica para obtener aún más información de estas medidas y se diseña un sistema para aplicar estos hologramas en experimentos in-vivo con macacos y comprobar la viabilidad de la apertura de la barrera hematoencefálica de forma localizada.
Esta tesis se enfoca a un mejor diseño y entendimiento de las emergentes lentes holográficas, así como a estudiar su validez en aplicaciones biomédicas de gran interés como son la hipertermia, la neuromodulación y la apertura de la barrera hematoencefálica para la administración de fármacos en el cerebro. / [CA] Els ultrasons s'han emprat des dels anys 90 per al tractament de múltiples patologies gràcies al seu caràcter no invasiu i no ionitzant, des del tractament localitzat del càncer fins a teràpies neurològiques. La focalització d'estes ones de pressió i la conformació del feix acústic ha sigut un problema que des de diverses perspectives s'ha intentat abordar, amb l'ús de lents focalizadores, transductors focalitzats i els més sofisticats sistemes phased-array compostos per múltiples transductors amb control individual d'amplitud i fase. Estos sistemes presenten diversos inconvenients, com l'escàs control del feix que ofereixen els transductors focalitzats, amb un focus fix i sense control de les possibles distorsions del camp que pot introduir el medi, o l'elevat cost derivat de la complexa electrònica dels sistemes phased-array, encara que proporcionen un millor control del focus i compensació d'aberracions.
La revolucionària idea dels hologrames acústics com a elements passius impresos amb tecnologia 3D va arribar com una alternativa de baix cost als previs sistemes. En primer lloc es va descriure el seu ús en medis homogenis per a generar les més diverses imatges acústiques, però prompte es va començar a estudiar la seua viabilitat per a focalitzar feixos d'ultrasons a l'interior del cervell, resultant ser molt útils en la correcció de les aberracions que el crani introduïx en el front d'ones. Les lents hologràfiques són capaces de codificar tant el camp que es desitja generar com les distorsions de fase que pot introduir el medi en el qual es propaguen els ultrasons.
En esta tesi s'estudia el disseny d'hologrames acústics i la seua aplicació en l'àmbit biomèdic. La tesi pot ser dividida en tres grans parts: una primera en la qual se descriuen nous mètodes per al disseny de lents hologràfiques, una segona en la qual s'empren els hologrames ultrasònics per a generació d'hipertèrmia i una tercera en la qual s'estudia el seu ús per a teràpies transcranials.
En la primera part de la tesi s'investiga el disseny de lents hologràfiques per a transductors amb geometria esfèrica com a alternativa a les lents planes ja descrites prèviament. A més, s'estudia un nou mètode per a codificar el camp acústic en les lents de manera que es millore la imatge produïda per elles, ajustant-se més a la desitjada.
En la segona part s'estudia com és el patró tèrmic que genera el camp acústic produït per una lent hologràfica quan s'aplica sobre un material absorbent i com afecta la difusió tèrmica a aquest. Esta difusió té com a efecte que el patró tèrmic amb el temps no se semble a l'acústic, i les lents hagen de tindre en compte aquest procés en el seu disseny per a aplicacions tèrmiques, especialment si es desitgen regions uniformes de calfament. Es demostra com la hipertèrmia generada per ultrasons és més nociva en esferoides tumorals que la hipertèrmia tradicional.
En la tercera part es demostra la viabilitat dels hologrames ultrasònics per a tractaments neurològics, aplicats des de la finestra temporal per a reduir el calfament de l'os que es produïx. A més, s'estudia en experiments ex-vivo el camp acústic produït per lents hologràfiques a través d'un crani de macaco, aplicant tècniques de projecció hologràfica per a obtindre encara més informació d'estes mesures i es dissenya un sistema per a aplicar estos hologrames en experiments in-vivo amb macacos i comprovar la viabilitat de l'obertura de la barrera hematoencefàlica de forma localitzada.
Esta tesi s'enfoca a un millor disseny i enteniment de les emergents lents hologràfiques, així com en l'estudi de la seua validesa en aplicacions biomèdiques de gran interès com són la hipertèrmia, la neuromodulació i l'obertura de la barrera hematoencefàlica per a l'administració de fàrmacs en el cervell. / [EN] Ultrasound has been used since the 1990s for the treatment of multiple pathologies thanks to its non-invasive and non-ionising nature, from localised cancer treatment to neurological therapies. The focusing of these pressure waves and beam shaping has been a problem that has been tackled from various perspectives, with the use of focusing lenses, focused transducers and the more sophisticated phased-array systems composed of multiple transducers with electronic amplitude and phase control. These systems have several drawbacks, such as the poor beam control offered by focused transducers, with a fixed focus and no control of possible field distortions introduced by the medium, or the high cost due to the complex electronics of phased-array systems, although they provide better focus control and aberration compensation.
The revolutionary idea of acoustic holograms as passive 3D printed elements came as a low-cost alternative to these previous systems. They were first described to be used in homogeneous media to generate a wide range of acoustic images, but their feasibility for focusing ultrasound beams inside the brain was soon studied and proved to be very useful in correcting the aberrations that the skull introduces into the wavefront. Holographic lenses are capable of encoding both the field to be generated and the phase distortions that may be introduced by the medium in which the ultrasound propagates.
This thesis studies the design of acoustic holograms and their application in the biomedical field. The thesis can be divided into three main parts: a first one in which new methods for the design of holographic lenses are described, a second one in which ultrasonic holograms are used for hyperthermia generation, and a third one in which their use for transcranial therapies is studied.
The first part of the thesis investigates the design of holographic lenses for transducers with spherical geometry as an alternative to the previously described flat lenses. In addition, a new method is studied to encode the acoustic field in the lenses in order to improve the image produced by them, adjusting it more closely to the desired image.
The second part studies the thermal pattern generated by the acoustic field produced by a holographic lens when it is applied to an absorbing material and how thermal diffusion affects it. This diffusion has the effect that the thermal pattern over time does not resemble the acoustic pattern, and lenses must take this process into account in their design for thermal applications, especially if uniform regions of heating are desired. The method is tested on multiple tumour spheroids, and results show that ultrasound-mediated hyperthermia is shown to be more damaging to tumour cell spheroids than traditional hyperthermia.
The third part demonstrates the feasibility of ultrasonic holograms for neural treatments, applied from the temporal window to reduce the bone heating that occurs. In addition, the acoustic field produced by holographic lenses through a macaque skull is studied in ex-vivo experiments, applying holographic projection techniques to obtain even more information from these experiments. A system is designed to apply these holograms in in-vivo experiments with macaques to test the feasibility of opening the blood-brain barrier in a localized manner.
This thesis focuses on a better design and understanding of the emerging holographic lenses, as well as on studying their validity in biomedical applications of great interest such as hyperthermia, neuromodulation and the opening of the blood-brain barrier for drug delivery to the brain. / Andrés Bautista, D. (2024). Acoustic Holograms for Hyperthermia and Transcranial Ultrasound [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/205788
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