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Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine effects of zinc chloride compounds on foliar and root growth of Marigold (tagetes patula), Zinnia (zinnia elegans) and Vinca (catharanthus roseus). Four different experiments were conducted using zinc chloride compounds applied as a spray on 288 plug trays at rates of 0 (paint only), 3.5, 7, and 14 percent. Experiment I includes examining uptake of zinc into potting media. Experiment II examined plant growth at the various application rates and included a visual survey. Experiment III used microscopic studies to determine effects of zinc compounds on root growth. Experiment IV examined the effect of zinc compound rates on plant survival and if survival was species and treatment rate dependent.

Extensive urban development has led to the resurgence of green roofs. These vegetated roofs provide significant ecological and economic benefits including mitigation of the urban heat island effect, reduced storm-water runoff, lower energy costs, increased biodiversity, and improved aesthetics, as well as food production and security. Urban agriculture and food security are becoming increasingly important factors of the green roof renaissance. Due to weight load limitations of potential buildings, the ability to produce quality food in shallow media, less than 6.75 cm, could encourage green roof food production. The effectiveness of a commercially available green roof media and a vermicompost custom blended green roof media was evaluated in two experiments on the roof of the Agriculture building at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. In a randomized complete block design, twelve green roof modular trays (six 61 cm x 61 cm and six 46 cm x 56 cm) were filled to the depth of 5.72 cm with each media type. Each block consisted of four treatments with three replications in two locations on the roof. One location received full sun and the other only partial shade. Two commercially-grown annual herbs, sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) and Thai basil (Albahaca tailandesa) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum var. neapolitanum; Petroselinum crispum `Krausa'; and Petroselinum crispum crispum) were evaluated during the two experiments. The first experiment ran from mid-May to mid-July, 2011, and the second experiment ran from mid-August to late September, 2011. Media content, mineral analysis, and biomass were recorded for each treatment. Hand irrigation was utilized as needed. In the first experiment, media, and an interaction of sunlight and media produced significant (P< 0.05) results for parameters of shoot height, shoot width and shoot weight. Sunlight, specifically partial shade, produced significant (P< 0.05) for shoot to root ratio. The commercially available green roof media produced more significant results for the parameters measured than the vermicompost-blend. In the second experiment, an interaction was detected for basil shoot width; otherwise all other variables evaluated for basil were insignificant. Media, specifically the commercial green roof media, was significant (p< 0.05) for parsley shoot height, with an interaction of sunlight and media; shoot weight and dry shoot weight, and with an interaction of sunlight and media for shoot width. No significant results were observed with the other parameters measured. The experiments indicated that the production of annual herbs on a green roof environment is possible. Further, the experiments found that the commercially available green roof media performed better than the custom vermicompost blend. Modular tray type had limited effect on results, but the advantage of pre-planting the trays before placement onto a green roof environment is an incentive for its use.

Seven empirical equations were developed for the prediction of seal strength for medical device trays. A new methodology was developed and used for identifying burst and peel locations and comparing burst pressure and peel force. Multiple linear regression was used to fit 76 models, selecting the best models based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and adjusted R2 (R2 adj) value of each model. The selected models have R2 adj and prediction R2 (R2 pred) values of .83 to .94. Factors investigated for the peel force response were sealing pressure (3 levels), dwell time (3 levels), sealing temperature (3 levels), and adhesive. Additional factors investigated for the burst pressure response were restraining plate gap, and tray volume, height, length-to-width ratio and area. Polyethylene terephthalate-glycol (PETG) trays with Tyvek 1073B lids and two popular water-based adhesives were used. Trays were selected to yield three levels of area and three levels of length-to-width ratio, defining nine package configurations. Packages for burst testing were sealed under a fractional factorial design with 27 treatments. Packages for peel testing were sealed under a 17-point face-centered central composite design. Packages were tested using peel testing following the ASTM F88-07 standard and restrained burst testing with three gap distances following the ASTM F2054-00 standard. All possible subsets of the factors were evaluated, with the best models selected based on AIC value. Equations were developed to predict peak and average peel force based on sealing process parameters (R2 pred =.94 and .92), burst pressure based on tray and sealing parameters and gap (R2 pred =.94), and four peel force responses based on burst pressure and gap (R2 pred =.83 to .86). Models were validated through cross-validation, using the prediction error sum of squares (PRESS) statistic. The R2 pred was calculated to estimate the predictive ability of each model.

The goal of this work was to determinate and analyse osteological material from an archeological site, which was dated from high Middle Ages to early modern period. Then, the results were compared to other literature engaging in similarly dated localities.

Une demande mondiale grandissante en gaz naturel pousse à exploiter des ressources de plus en plus acides (concentration des gaz acides pouvant atteindre 20% en volume). Le procédé de traitement de gaz par des solutions d'amines, existant depuis plus de 50 ans, est le plus répandu pour éliminer les composants acides (CO2, H2S, mercaptans…). Ce procédé comporte deux unités principales : une colonne d'absorption gaz liquide à contre-courant pour la séparation des composants acides du gaz et une colonne de régénération du solvant chargé. On recherche une optimisation du design, en particulier de l'absorbeur, en vue de réduire les couts et d'augmenter l'efficacité. Dans la colonne d'absorption, le transfert de matière s'avère limitant par rapport à la thermodynamique. Ainsi l'optimisation du design de cette unité passe par une maitrise des paramètres hydrodynamiques et de transfert des contacteurs utilisés dans les colonnes. Plusieurs études existantes sur unités pilotes proposent des corrélations majoritairement empiriques pour les paramètres critiques de dimensionnement. Par ailleurs leur extrapolation à l'échelle industrielle montre une divergence importante entre les différentes corrélations. Une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes physiques ainsi qu'une identification des paramètres importants pour l'extrapolation est donc requise. Dans ce contexte, la présente thèse a comme objectif principal la compréhension de l'effet de changement d'échelle sur les paramètres hydrodynamiques et l'aire interfaciale d'échange dans le cas des plateaux à clapets. La méthodologie employée dans cette étude se base sur une complémentarité entre une étude expérimentale et le potentiel offert par les outils de simulation numérique. L'étude expérimentale s'est effectuée sur deux colonnes pilotes rectangulaires transparentes ayant deux longueurs de passe différentes. Des mesures de pertes de charge, de hauteur de l'émulsion, de rétention liquide et d'aire interfaciale d'échange ont été réalisées. Des mesures innovantes de profils de l'émulsion gaz-liquide sur un plateau sont également présentées. Les différents résultats expérimentaux ont permis la proposition d'un diagramme hydrodynamique ainsi qu'une compréhension et une analyse phénoménologique cohérente de l'écoulement sur une large gamme de vitesses liquide et gaz. La comparaison entre les deux colonnes a permis, en premier lieu, l'identification des vitesses liquide et gaz pertinentes pour l'extrapolation. Des similitudes de comportement ont été trouvées pour certains paramètres (rétention liquide moyenne, perte de charge clapets, aire interfaciale) offrant ainsi la possibilité de proposer des corrélations basées sur une description phénoménologique dépendant essentiellement de deux nombres adimensionnels que sont le nombre de Froude (comparant l’inertie gaz au poids liquide sur le plateau) et le paramètre de l’écoulement (comparant les deux inerties liquide et gaz). En revanche une influence notable de la longueur de passe est relevée. En particulier des profils de l'émulsion nettement différents entre la petite et la grande colonne ont été observés. Des risques d'extrapolation sont par conséquent pointés dans cette thèse notamment pour des paramètres tels que la hauteur de liquide clair ou la hauteur moyenne de l’émulsion. Dans une deuxième partie, l'intérêt a été porté sur la simulation numérique des écoulements sur les plateaux. L'importance et la complexité de la modélisation du terme d'interaction entre les deux phases sont soulignées. Une approche proposée dans la littérature a été testée et montre la possibilité de l'emploi des simulations CFD comme outil pour une meilleure compréhension des comportements locaux. En outre une approche de modélisation nouvelle est proposée dans une optique de valorisation des outils numériques pour l'extrapolation. / The increasing demand of natural gas has encouraged the exploration of sour ressources (concentration of acid gases (CO2, H2S, mercaptans…) reaching 20% of volume). The most popular gas sweetening process which uses amine solutions has been in use for over 50 years. This process consists of two main units: a counter current gas-liquid absorption column in which acid compounds are removed from the gas and a stripper column for loaded solvent regeneration. An optimisation is needed to reduce the over-sizing costs and enhance efficiency especially for the absorber column. For the absorption column the mass transfer is the limiting phenomenon in comparison to thermodynamics. Thus design optimisation of such units needs full knowledge of both hydrodynamic and mass transfer parameters of the contactors used in the absorbers. Several literature studies carried out on pilot units propose empirical correlations for these critical design parameters. However the extrapolation to industrial scale shows important divergences between existing correlations. It seems that a better understanding of physical phenomena as well as an identification of the key parameters for extrapolation is still needed. Under this context, the present work aims at understanding the scale effect on hydrodynamics and interfacial area on valve trays contactors. The methodology employed relies on the complementarity between experimental studies and the potential offered by numerical simulation tools. The experimental study has been carried out on two rectangular and transparent pilot columns having two different path lengths. Measurements of pressure drops, liquid retention, emulsion height and interfacial area along with innovating measurements of emulsion profiles have been made. Experimental results allowed the establishment of a hydrodynamic diagram as well as the understanding and the phenomenological analysis of the two phase flow over a large scope of gas and liquid velocities. Comparison between the two columns led, at first, to identifying pertinent liquid and gas velocities for extrapolation. Similarities between both columns were noticed for some parameters (liquid retention, valve pressure drop and interfacial area) allowing the proposition of correlations based on phenomenological description of the flow. These correlations involve mainly two non-dimensional numbers which are Froude number (comparing the gas inertia to liquid weight on the tray) and flow parameter (comparing liquid inertia to gas inertia). However an effect of path length has been observed in particular for emulsion profiles. Risks for extrapolation related to this effect have been consequently pointed out for some parameters such as clear liquid height or mean emulsion height. In a second part of the study, the interest was focused on numerical simulation of tray hydrodynamics. Importance and complexity of gas liquid interaction term modelling have been highlighted. Using a proposed approach in literature, CFD simulations with the Eulerian model under the software Ansys Fluent have been made. They proved the possibility of using numerical simulation as a mean for a better understanding of the two phase flow local behaviour. Moreover a new approach is proposed which could be used in order to make numerical tools more valuable for extrapolation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6010.pdf: 3960363 bytes, checksum: bb924b69a99f6fe80ceb63d34a17b457 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-17 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Distillation is one of the most important and used separation techniques of components at industrial level, applied in a wide range of processes. Its great importance is due to the capacity of purify components of a mixture using the volatility difference among them as driving force. However, this technique represents 40% of the total energy consumption of an industrial facility. Nowadays, with the necessity of rethink the energetic use owing to the massive usage of natural resources, new regulations of pollutant emissions, environmental issues and market competition; the enhancement of the distillation process has become essential to the refineries, petrochemicals and a variety of other sectors of the industry. Empirical studies about the flow dynamics in distillation columns are rare due to the large dimensions of this equipment and the high investment, including measurement instrumentation. This lack of experimental data makes difficult the appropriate understanding of the mechanisms that occur in this equipment, as flow patterns and degree of separation, as well as the relation between both. Nevertheless, to improve the distillation process performance is necessary to deeply know the dynamics of the multiphase flow existing on each tray of the column, where the contact between the phases indeed happens. In this study, was proposed the computational simulation of sieve trays of distillation columns using CFD s tools (Computational Fluid Dynamics). The main aim was to conceive a model capable to predict the hydrodynamics and the more volatile component transfer between the liquid and the vapor. Furthermore, the regions that possibly interfere on obtaining higher efficiencies were pointed out. For that, tridimensional, transient and multiphase models with the Euler- Euler framework were used. The main results show liquid velocity profiles, volumetric fraction, clear liquid height, mass fraction and efficiency. The results presented agreement with the literature. In general, the fluid dynamics results obtained here highlight the significance of the application of models that represent the complex behavior existing on sieve trays, since this crucially influence in the separation degree of the process. The CFD evidenced to be and valuable tool to study this sort of flow on columns internals and can be applied in the design and optimization of those equipment. / A destilação é uma das mais importantes técnicas de separação de componentes empregada a nível industrial nos mais diversos processos. Sua suma importância dá-se na capacidade de purificar componentes de uma mistura utilizando a diferença de volatilidade entre eles como força motriz. Entretanto, trata-se de uma técnica que representa cerca de 40% da energia consumida em uma planta industrial. Atualmente, com a necessidade de se repensar o uso energético, com as novas políticas de emissão de poluentes, da preocupação com o ambiente e a concorrência de mercado; o aperfeiçoamento do processo de destilação tem se tornado essencial para as refinarias, petroquímicas e diversos setores da indústria. Estudos empíricos sobre o escoamento em colunas de destilação são raros, em parte devido às grandes dimensões destes aparelhos e ao alto investimento em equipamentos e instrumentos de medição. Esta carência de dados experimentais dificulta o entendimento adequado dos mecanismos que ocorrem neste equipamento, como os padrões de escoamento e o grau de separação, assim como a relação entre estes dois. Contudo, para que se possa melhorar o processo destilatório, é necessário conhecer a fundo a dinâmica do escoamento multifásico existente em cada prato da coluna, onde de fato ocorre o contato íntimo entre as fases. Neste estudo, foi proposta a simulação computacional de pratos perfurados de colunas de destilação usando ferramentas de CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). O principal objetivo foi conceber um modelo capaz de prever a hidrodinâmica do prato e a transferência do componente mais volátil entre o líquido e o vapor. Além do mais, foram apontadas as regiões no prato que possivelmente interferem na obtenção de maiores eficiências de estágio. Para isso, foram usados modelos 3D, transientes e multifásicos com abordagem Euler-Euler. Os principais resultados mostram os perfis de velocidade, fração volumétrica, altura de líquido claro, fração mássica e eficiência, os quais apresentaram concordância quando comparados com a literatura. Em geral, os resultados fluidodinâmicos obtidos neste estudo ressaltam a importância da aplicação de modelos que representem o complexo comportamento encontrado em pratos perfurados, já que estes influenciam decisivamente no grau de separação do processo. CFD demonstrou ser uma ferramenta valiosa para estudar o fluxo em internos de torres de destilação e pode ser aplicado para projeto e otimização destes equipamentos.

Yes / Antioxidant active packaging was prepared by coating a citrus extract on the surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) trays which had been either treated with an atmospheric pressure plasma jet or left untreated. The surface characteristics of the packaging were examined, as were its stability and antioxidant efficacy following storage for up to 24 weeks under the following three storage conditions: room temperature, 0 % relative humidity (RH) or 50 °C. Plasma pretreatment increased coating density, thickness and roughness, and oxygenated functional groups at the polymer surface, whereas water contact angle decreased. Trays stored at room temperature did not lose their antioxidant efficacy over 24 weeks and plasma pretreatment enhanced the efficacy from week 8 onwards. Gravimetric analysis of the coating revealed a loss of antioxidant compounds only after 16 weeks. Trays stored at 0 % RH lost coating from week 1 onwards, with lower loss in plasma pretreated trays, while loss of coating was highest at 50 °C, with lower loss in plasma pretreated trays only after 24 weeks. Overall, the surface characteristics of the antioxidant active packaging were modified by plasma pretreatment of the PET surface, with some improvement in antioxidant efficacy, and the efficacy of the packaging in delaying oxidative deterioration in cooked meats was retained during storage at ambient temperature.

Cette étude est un travail de recherche, d'inventaire, d'analyse (archéologique, épigraphique, métrologique, technique et artistique) et d'une nouvelle approche méthodologique sur des différents témoignages archéologiques et épigraphiques relatifs à la mesure du poids, capacité et temps en Algérie romaine. Cette étude est un nouveau thème qui mérite beaucoup d'attention et qui représente beaucoup d'intérêt pour l'archéologie algérienne en particulier et de l'Afrique romaine en générale et qui contribuera à l'enrichissement de la bibliographie spécialisée dans ce domaine. Notre objectif principale, c'est de réaliser un inventaire systématique des instruments de mesures (poids, balances, pesons, crochets et plateaux de balance, ponderarium, mensa ponderaria, cadrans solaires) en notant les spécificités de chaque élément ainsi que l'état de conservation et le lieu de son emplacement actuel. L'étude de l'ensemble de ces objets, malgré leur état de dégradation pour certains et la disparition d'autres, les résultats obtenus sont tout de même importants et prometteurs : ils contribuent à éclaircir l'histoire des cités romaines en Algérie dans les domaines de l'économie, du commerce, de la technique et de l'organisation de la vie publique; ils témoignent néanmoins l'intégration de ces instruments dans la société et attester d'une connaissance de la multiplicité typologique, et les différentes caractéristiques d'utilisation. La plupart sont inédits et non répertories, certain sont rares (les deux cadrans solaires du type plan vertical dièdre de Djemila et le ponderarium du marché de cosinius) et d'autre hors normes (les deux cadrans plan horizontaux monumentaux de Timgad et de Lambèse). Ils sont considérés comme une valeur ajoutée ajoutant du crédit à nos propos et éclairant d'une façon exhaustive notre étude et qui ouvrer des nouvelles perspectives. / This study is a research, inventory, analysis (archaeological, epigraphic, metrological, technical and artistic) and a new methodological approach on various archaeological and epigraphic testimonies relating to the measurement of weight, capacity and time In Roman Algeria. Tis study is a new topic which deserves much attention and which represents a lot of interest for Algerian archeology in particular and of Roman Africa in general and which will contribute to the enrichment of the specialized bibliography in this field. Our main objective is to carry out a systematic inventory of weighing instruments (weights, scales, weighers, hooks and balance trays, ponderarium, mensa ponderaria, sundials), noting the specificities of each element and the state of Conservation and location of its current location. The study of all these objects, despite their state of degradation for some and the disappearance of others, the results obtained are still important and promising: they contribute to clarify the history of the Roman cities in Algeria in the Economy, trade, technology and the organization of public life; They nevertheless testify to the integration of these instruments into society and attest to a knowledge of the typological multiplicity, and the different characteristics of use. Most of them are unpublished and not repertory, some are rare (the two sundials of the type vertical plane dihedron of Djemila and the ponderarium of the cosinius market) and other out of norms (the two monumental horizontal planes of Timgad and Lambèse). They are seen as an added value adding credit to our remarks and enlightening our study in a comprehensive way and opening up new perspectives.

No description available.