Objective: Phenomenological and treatment differences between children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder in a public mental health system were examined. Method: A systematic medical record review was performed on a sample of 83 patients, focusing on documented DSM IV symptoms of mania or depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, schizophrenia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Cross-tabulation and logistic regression analyses were performed comparing the presence/absence of symptoms for each disorder and treatments provided for children and adolescents. Results: Prepubertal patients were significantly more likely to be male, easily distracted, inattentive, detached from others, hyper-vigilant, prescribed stimulant medication, and to meet the diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or Conduct Disorder than adolescents. Conclusions: Consistent with the published literature, phenomenological differences between children and adolescents are present and being recognized for differential diagnosis and treatment by community practitioners. More attention to documenting some cardinal symptoms of mania, the persistence of bipolar symptoms, and the nature of cycling for those with mixed states is needed.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Clinical Psychology) in the Department of Psychology at the University of Zululand, 2017 / The aim and objectives of the study were to investigate the management of anxiety disorders by Zulu traditional healers. Here the term management refers not exclusively to treatment but rather encompasses conceptualisation and causes of anxiety, symptom presentation and diagnostic procedures, treatment methods, and referral of patients with anxiety. The study was conducted at KwaDlangezwa and Esikhawini areas in Zululand, South Africa. A qualitative approach was adopted for the study. A snowball sampling technique was used to collect the sample. The inclusion criterion was diviners who are currently in practice. The sample comprised of 14 diviners. Semi-structured interviews were used in the collection of data. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data was analysed and interpreted using thematic content analysis. Within the study the concept of anxiety was understood in relation to the causes. Anxiety was discussed under the headings of functional and pathological anxiety. The diviners diagnose and treat exclusively pathological anxiety. Pathological anxiety was said to be caused by either witchcraft or ancestral calling. In the category of pathological anxiety three types of anxiety were described, and they were inyoni (affecting mostly children), uvalo lwezilwane (anxiety through bewitchment and uvalo lwedlozi (related to ancestral calling). The diviners indicated that anxiety is not a mental disorder but rather a physical illness. Although the treatment methods varied amongst the diviners, they were all indicated to be effective. If a patient was not responsive to treatment, the patient would be referred to other healers first and then a referral to clinics or/ and hospitals would be made. However, if there was an underlying medical condition, patients would be referred immediately to clinics and/or hospitals.

Le glioblastome multiforme (GBM) est la tumeur cérébrale primaire la plus fréquente et la plus agressive chez l’adulte. Malgré un traitement associant radiothérapie et chimiothérapie, la récidive est quasi systématique du fait de la résistance des cellules tumorales. En effet, elles peuvent détourner des mécanismes de survie, comme l’autophagie, qui est amplifiée lorsque la disponibilité en oxygène est réduite. De la même manière, la signalisation des facteurs de croissance, comme celle des neurotrophines, est détournée de sorte à favoriser la survie cellulaire. Ces deux mécanismes sont connus pour être associés à une population de cellules tumorales particulières, les cellules souches cancéreuses (CSC), identifiées comme participant à la résistance aux traitements du GBM et à la récidive. Elles sont en effet peu sensibles à la radiothérapie et à la chimiothérapie et sont capables de reformer une tumeur. Nous avons ciblé deux objectifs principaux : i) identifier le rôle de l’autophagie et de la signalisation neurotrophique passant par TrkC dans la survie des cellules de GBM soumises à un stress hypoxique, ii) étudier l’implication de ces deux mécanismes dans la mise en place et le maintien d’un compartiment de CSC au sein de la tumeur. Nos travaux (réalisés sur quatre lignées cellulaires de GBM) ont montré que l’autophagie et la signalisation TrkC sont activées en cas de stress hypoxique court (< 24h). De plus, il existe une compensation entre ces deux voies de survie lorsque l’une ou l’autre est déficiente. Nous avons également pu mettre en évidence que la perte de l’une des voies modifie le phénotype de la population des CSC, que ce soit au niveau fonctionnel (prolifération, résistance au Témozolomide) ou au niveau de l’expression des marqueurs de cellules souches. Ainsi l’invalidation de ces voies de survie pourrait influencer l’état plutôt activé ou plutôt quiescent des CSC, ce qui modifie leur résistance au traitement. Cette capacité d’adaptation des CSC souligne l’aspect dynamique de ce compartiment dans le GBM. / Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumor. Despite a treatment combining radiotherapy and chemotherapy, recurrence is almost systematic because of the tumor cell resistance. Indeed, they are able to develop various survival mechanisms, such as autophagy, which is amplified in hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, several growth factors, such as neurotrophins, promote cell survival signaling. These two survival processes are highly related to the development of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs have been identified as contributing to the GBM resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatments and recurrence by their ability to reconstitute a tumor. Our two main objectives were: i) to identify the role of the autophagy and neurotrophin signaling, mediated by the receptor TrkC, in survival of GBM cells under hypoxic stress condition, ii) to study the involvement of these two mechanisms in the CSCs resistance to treatment processes, and their maintenance within the tumor. Our results (assessed on four GBM cell lines) showed that both autophagy and TrkC signaling were activated in hypoxic stress conditions (<24h). Interestingly, there is a compensation between these two survival pathways. We demonstrated that the loss of one of the pathways modifies the phenotype of the CSC population, whether at a functional level (proliferation, resistance to Temozolomide) or for the expression of stem cell markers. Thus, the invalidation of these survival pathways could affect the activation state of CSCs, which modifies their resistance to the treatment. This adaptive capacity of CSCs highlights their dynamic aspects in this compartment in the GBM.

Migraine headache is a painful and often serious problem in the United States. There are many prophylactic pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments available for migraine headaches. However, choosing between them can be difficult for individuals and treatment providers alike. The primary literature regarding the effectiveness of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments is quite dense. More than 191 primary studies were identified as providing information about the effectiveness of one or more treatments for migraine headaches. Of these, 82 articles were retained for meta-analyses on six prophylactic treatments for migraine: propranolol, flunarizine, divalproex sodium, thermal biofeedback, relaxation treatments, and combined treatments. These results suggest that all of the treatments examined have very similar treatment effect sizes. Effect sizes for the reduction of migraine were found to be between .60 and .75 for all treatments. Results suggest that selection of treatment for migraine must be based on more than treatment effectiveness rates alone.

Prevalence estimates of child depression are substantial and morbidity leads to an increased risk of recurrence during adolescence and adulthood . Further , early-onset depression is associated with a number of negative outcomes including: poor physical health , social and interpersonal impairments , academic problems , substance abuse , future maladjustment , and suicidal behavior. In light of the prevalence , persistence, and negative outcomes associated with depression in children and adolescents , several treatments ranging from psychosocial to pharmacological interventions have been developed and evaluated. However, the overall efficacy of treatments remains equivocal because the majority of existing reviews of the child and adolescent depression treatment literature are narrative in nature, methodologically flawed , and/or present vague or conflicting conclusions. Although there are a number of good meta-analytic reviews that indicate that psychotherapy is effective with children and adolescents overall, comprehensive meta-analytic reviews focusing on the efficacy of psychological treatments specifically for depressed youth are nonexistent in the published literature. A comprehensive sample of studies on the psychosocial and pharmacological treatment of early-onset depression was located through an extensive literature search. Articles that met the inclusionary criteria were subsequently analyzed. The outcome data from 3 7 outcome studies were extracted and converted into effect sizes. Comparisons of main effects, potential interactions, and other specified variables were conducted. The overall findings of this meta-analysis indicate that several different psychosocial interventions for early-onset depression produce moderate to large treatment gains that are clinically meaningful for many afflicted youth. Further, it appears that psychosocial treatments are, in general, superior to pharmacological regimens in treating depressed children and adolescents. However, there is also recent evidence that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine are efficacious, and they will likely play an increased role in the management of affective illness in youngsters. The clinical implications and limitations of these data are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.

Chip and scrub seal treatments are one of the most common pavement preservation practices, however, no performance specifications exist in Mississippi. Review of literature has shown the treatment of cores being successful in reducing the viscosity of aged asphalt pavements. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a basis for performance based specifications for surface treatments in Mississippi. This thesis provides information pertaining to viscosity, moisture loss, and frosted marble analysis of emulsions and the effects of rejuvenation after application of emulsions to aged asphalt pavements which are vital to the performance of the surface treatment. The objectives to this thesis are to determine and evaluate the effects of rejuvenation, frosted marble test, and moisture loss of emulsion applied to aged asphalt pavements. Results from these analysis’ are favorable for developing or providing a basis for performance based specifications for surface treatments applied in Mississippi.

The purpose of this study was to determine the quality and microbial load of blueberries at different maturity stages, to develop the effective microbial recovery method and to compare sanitation postharvest treatments on microbial counts of blueberries. The soluble solids and the sugar to acid ratio increased, while pH and TA decreased with maturity. Ripe berries had lower yeast and mold counts (YMC) at other maturity stages, but there were no differences on aerobic plate counts (APC). The medium pH was lower for stomaching and blending than hand massaged samples. This leads to higher recovery of microorganisms by massaging. Sodium hypochlorite at 400 ppm was effective in reducing APC but not YMC. Acidified sodium chloride was very effective, lowering APC and YMC below detectable level. All sanitation treatment did not influence sensory attributes of blueberries.

No description available.

Oaks (Quercus spp.) are an important part of the forested landscape in the eastern United States. Although oak is increasing in standing volume, an oak regeneration bottleneck has occurred throughout its range in recent decades. Subsequently, as oak overstory is being harvested, rarely is oak recruited into the overstory to maintain the historic dominance of overstory oak. In the absence of fire and subsequent canopy closure, mesic species have proliferated, frequently forming a dense understory, inhibiting oak regeneration success. This study was developed to determine species dynamics between oak and oak competitors in response to silvicultural treatments in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. The treatments were: a shelterwood treatment (25-30% basal area reduction through mid-story removal with herbicides), a prescribed fire treatment (two late dormant season fires occurred over a 9-year period), a shelterwood and burn treatment (prescribed fire 3-5 years following 30-40% basal area removal), and an unmanaged control. To determine treatment impacts on the regeneration layer, importance value and stems ha-1 were calculated at the species group and individual species level 0- and 9- years post initial treatment. A principal component analysis and an analysis of basal area by treatment 0- and 9-years post-treatment were used to determine the influence of site-specific characteristics on regeneration layer response. The greatest relative increases in importance values were 1401% and 2995% for the red oak group and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), respectively, in the shelterwood and burn (SWB). Change in all species groups were predominantly influenced by the smallest size-class (<0.6 m tall), with the exception of northern red oak (Q. rubra) and yellow-poplar in the SWB. The SWB significantly reduced importance values of all shade tolerant species groups and was the only treatment to decrease red maple (Acer rubrum) importance value and density over the study years. The prescribed fire (RXF) treatment increased red oak group importance value, while simultaneously decreasing yellow-poplar importance value and increasing red maple importance value. Changes in the red oak group in the SWB and the RXF were driven by northern red oak and scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), respectively. Treatments do not appear to change the competitive status of the white oak group. Elevation was closely associated with the red oak group. Yellow-poplar importance value increases, white oak group importance value increases, and site index were closely associated. Decreases in basal area were greatest in the SWB, and the SWB was the only treatment to significantly decrease overstory basal area. The RXF and SWB treatments improved the competitive status of only some oak species, but modifications to these treatments may result in better control of yellow-poplar and red maple competition, further improving oak's competitive status. Site specific factors such as elevation and site index may have impacted the regeneration layer response to treatments. / Master of Science / Oak-hickory (Quercus and Carya spp.) and oak-pine (Quercus and Pinus spp.) forest types occupy approximately 57 million and 11 million hectares of forestland in the eastern United States, respectively. Oaks are considered ecological and economic keystone species throughout the eastern U.S and maintenance of this genus in eastern U.S. forests has been a primary regional focus for decades. Historic disturbance regimes are estimated to have been much different than they are today. Fire was a common disturbance mechanism prior to fire suppression in the early 20th century. Frequent fires maintained much of the oak component historically. In the absence of fire, the species found in the understories of mature oak stands are commonly mesophytic species, such as yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.). Over the last several decades, research has been conducted to investigate the impacts of treatments targeting the promotion of oak regeneration, but results have been varied and valuable long-term studies are rare. To determine the effects of treatments on the regeneration dynamics of oak and its competitors, four treatments were compared in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Treatments included a control, shelterwood harvest (SW), prescribed fire (RXF), and a shelterwood and burn (SWB). Stand structure and composition were monitored over a 9-year period post-treatment. Overall, results indicate the shelterwood and burn treatment has the greatest potential to improve the competitiveness of the red oak group in the regeneration layer, but yellow-poplar competition in the shelterwood and burn will need be addressed, considering its large increases in this treatment. Although increases in the red oak group were not as great as increases in the RXF treatment compared with the SWB, fire does show promise as a method to increase oak regeneration success. Changes in red oak group importance value varied with elevation, emphasizing results of treatments can be affected by site characteristics. Treatments were not successful at enhancing the competitive status of white oak (Quercus alba L.). Silvicultural treatments can be used to improve the competitive status of oak on sites in the southern Appalachian Mountains, but close monitoring of species dynamics throughout the rotation are needed to ensure long-term oak success.

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