A mudança do sistema de colheita da cana-de-açúcar com o uso de fogo para a colheita mecanizada, chamada de cana verde ou cana crua, é um processo irreversível, gradativo porém contínuo, previsto na legislação estadual paulista. Um dos pontos críticos no processo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar é a interferência imposta pelas plantas daninhas. A tiririca (Cyperus rotundus L.) é uma das plantas daninhas mais prejudiciais à cultura da cana-de-açúcar entretanto, com a implementação da colheita mecanizada, o desenvolvimento desta planta poderá ser afetado. O objetivo do experimento foi verificar se a adição de palha de cana-de-açúcar poderia afetar o desenvolvimento de plantas de tiririca provenientes de tubérculos de tamanho pequeno (0,22 a 0,34 g) e grande (1,01 a 1,14 g), plantados em diferentes épocas do ano. O experimento foi instalado em casa-de-vegetação, em Campinas, SP e disposto em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Tubérculos dormentes de tiririca de tamanho pequeno e grande foram plantados em maio, julho e setembro e adicionou-se sobre o solo palha de cana-de-açúcar RB 855156, nas quantidades correspondentes a 0,0, 5,0, 10,0 e 15,0 t/ha. Em cada época de instalação do experimento, a cada 28 dias até 84 dias, as plantas de tiririca foram avaliadas quanto à altura média, cortadas ao nível do solo. As estruturas subterrâneas e aéreas foram separadas nas diferentes estruturas e avaliou-se suas biomassas frescas e secas e a área foliar. De modo geral, o tamanho maior dos tubérculos favoreceu o desenvolvimento da parte subterrânea. O número de brotações emergidas não foi afetado pelo tamanho de tubérculos mas, a altura média, área foliar e as biomassas das folhas e da parte aérea foram maiores quando originadas de tubérculos de tamanho grande. A adição de palha de cana-de-açúcar ao solo afetou mais as plantas originadas de tubérculos pequenos que de grandes. A adição de quantidades crescentes de palha de cana-de-açúcar causou redução no desenvolvimento nas diferentes estruturas subterrâneas, seguindo para todas as variáveis uma equação do segundo grau. Aplicações de quantidades crescentes de palha de cana-de-açúcar causaram diminuição no número de brotações, área foliar e as biomassas frescas e secas das folhas e da parte aérea total. A formação e o desenvolvimento dos rizomas e de tubérculos + bulbos basais, assim como das biomassas fresca e seca de rizomas e fresca de tubérculos + bulbos basais foram maiores no plantio realizados em setembro e menores nos de julho. Verificou-se que, exceto para altura média, o plantio de setembro proporcionou plantas com maior número de brotações, área foliar e biomassas fresca e seca de folhas e da parte aérea total. Para altura média, os melhores resultados foram observados no plantio de maio. Para todas as variáveis analisadas, o plantio de julho apresentou sempre os menores valores. Quanto ao efeito de época de avaliação, verificou-se que para todas as variáveis analisadas foram observados aumentos lineares em função do tempo. / The change in harvest systems for sugar cane from use of fire to mechanical harvest, is an irreversible process, gradual although continuous, foreseen in the São Paulo State Legislation. One of the critical points in the productive process of sugar cane is the interference imposed by weeds. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) is one of the most sugar cane crop-damaging weeds, nevertheless with implementation of mechanical harvest technology, which leaves a thick layer straw superior to 20 ton/ha, the development of this plant could be affected. This experiment aimed to verify if the addition of sugar cane straw could affect the development of purple nutsedge plants deriving from tubers of small (0,20-0,34g) and large (1,01-1,14g) sizes, planted at different times of the year. The experiment was carrIED out in glass house, in Campinas, São Paulo, in randomized blocks with four replicates. Tubers of small and large sizes of purple nutsedge were planted in May, July and September, and RB 855156 sugar cane straw was added, in quantities corresponding to 0, 5,0, 10,0 and 15,0 ton/ha. Every 28 days until 84 days after each planting period, the purple nutsedge plants were evaluated as to their average plant height, cut to soil level, and the aerial part was separated from the subterranean. The aerial and subterranean structures were separated, and evaluated as to their fresh and dry weights and foliar area. Generally, the larger sized tubers were more favorable to the development of subterranean parts. The number of emerged sprouts was not affected by tuber size; but plant height, foliar area and aerial part weights were larger when originated from large-sized tubers. The addition of sugar cane straw to the soil affected plants derivated from small tuber more than those originated from large one. The addition of growing quantities of straw caused reduction in the development of different kinds of subterranean structures, following for all variables one second-order equation. Application of growing quantities of straw caused a decrease in the sprouts number, area foliar and fresh and dry leaf and total aerial part weights. The formation and development of rhizomes and tubers + basal bulbs, similarly to the fresh and dry rhizome weights of tubers + basal bulbs were larger in September planting and the smallest in July. It was verified that, with exception of average plant height, the September planting generated a larger number of sprouts, foliar area and fresh and dry leaf and total aerial part weights. As for average plant height, the best results were observed at the May planting. For all analyzed variables, the July plantation always presented the smallest values. As to the time of evaluation, it was verified that all variables increased linearly in function of time.

A mudança do sistema de colheita da cana-de-açúcar com o uso de fogo para a colheita mecanizada, chamada de cana verde ou cana crua, é um processo irreversível, gradativo porém contínuo, previsto na legislação estadual paulista. Um dos pontos críticos no processo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar é a interferência imposta pelas plantas daninhas. A tiririca (Cyperus rotundus L.) é uma das plantas daninhas mais prejudiciais à cultura da cana-de-açúcar entretanto, com a implementação da colheita mecanizada, o desenvolvimento desta planta poderá ser afetado. O objetivo do experimento foi verificar se a adição de palha de cana-de-açúcar poderia afetar o desenvolvimento de plantas de tiririca provenientes de tubérculos de tamanho pequeno (0,22 a 0,34 g) e grande (1,01 a 1,14 g), plantados em diferentes épocas do ano. O experimento foi instalado em casa-de-vegetação, em Campinas, SP e disposto em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Tubérculos dormentes de tiririca de tamanho pequeno e grande foram plantados em maio, julho e setembro e adicionou-se sobre o solo palha de cana-de-açúcar RB 855156, nas quantidades correspondentes a 0,0, 5,0, 10,0 e 15,0 t/ha. Em cada época de instalação do experimento, a cada 28 dias até 84 dias, as plantas de tiririca foram avaliadas quanto à altura média, cortadas ao nível do solo. As estruturas subterrâneas e aéreas foram separadas nas diferentes estruturas e avaliou-se suas biomassas frescas e secas e a área foliar. De modo geral, o tamanho maior dos tubérculos favoreceu o desenvolvimento da parte subterrânea. O número de brotações emergidas não foi afetado pelo tamanho de tubérculos mas, a altura média, área foliar e as biomassas das folhas e da parte aérea foram maiores quando originadas de tubérculos de tamanho grande. A adição de palha de cana-de-açúcar ao solo afetou mais as plantas originadas de tubérculos pequenos que de grandes. A adição de quantidades crescentes de palha de cana-de-açúcar causou redução no desenvolvimento nas diferentes estruturas subterrâneas, seguindo para todas as variáveis uma equação do segundo grau. Aplicações de quantidades crescentes de palha de cana-de-açúcar causaram diminuição no número de brotações, área foliar e as biomassas frescas e secas das folhas e da parte aérea total. A formação e o desenvolvimento dos rizomas e de tubérculos + bulbos basais, assim como das biomassas fresca e seca de rizomas e fresca de tubérculos + bulbos basais foram maiores no plantio realizados em setembro e menores nos de julho. Verificou-se que, exceto para altura média, o plantio de setembro proporcionou plantas com maior número de brotações, área foliar e biomassas fresca e seca de folhas e da parte aérea total. Para altura média, os melhores resultados foram observados no plantio de maio. Para todas as variáveis analisadas, o plantio de julho apresentou sempre os menores valores. Quanto ao efeito de época de avaliação, verificou-se que para todas as variáveis analisadas foram observados aumentos lineares em função do tempo. / The change in harvest systems for sugar cane from use of fire to mechanical harvest, is an irreversible process, gradual although continuous, foreseen in the São Paulo State Legislation. One of the critical points in the productive process of sugar cane is the interference imposed by weeds. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) is one of the most sugar cane crop-damaging weeds, nevertheless with implementation of mechanical harvest technology, which leaves a thick layer straw superior to 20 ton/ha, the development of this plant could be affected. This experiment aimed to verify if the addition of sugar cane straw could affect the development of purple nutsedge plants deriving from tubers of small (0,20-0,34g) and large (1,01-1,14g) sizes, planted at different times of the year. The experiment was carrIED out in glass house, in Campinas, São Paulo, in randomized blocks with four replicates. Tubers of small and large sizes of purple nutsedge were planted in May, July and September, and RB 855156 sugar cane straw was added, in quantities corresponding to 0, 5,0, 10,0 and 15,0 ton/ha. Every 28 days until 84 days after each planting period, the purple nutsedge plants were evaluated as to their average plant height, cut to soil level, and the aerial part was separated from the subterranean. The aerial and subterranean structures were separated, and evaluated as to their fresh and dry weights and foliar area. Generally, the larger sized tubers were more favorable to the development of subterranean parts. The number of emerged sprouts was not affected by tuber size; but plant height, foliar area and aerial part weights were larger when originated from large-sized tubers. The addition of sugar cane straw to the soil affected plants derivated from small tuber more than those originated from large one. The addition of growing quantities of straw caused reduction in the development of different kinds of subterranean structures, following for all variables one second-order equation. Application of growing quantities of straw caused a decrease in the sprouts number, area foliar and fresh and dry leaf and total aerial part weights. The formation and development of rhizomes and tubers + basal bulbs, similarly to the fresh and dry rhizome weights of tubers + basal bulbs were larger in September planting and the smallest in July. It was verified that, with exception of average plant height, the September planting generated a larger number of sprouts, foliar area and fresh and dry leaf and total aerial part weights. As for average plant height, the best results were observed at the May planting. For all analyzed variables, the July plantation always presented the smallest values. As to the time of evaluation, it was verified that all variables increased linearly in function of time.

Les tubercules andins oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina), ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) et mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pav.) sont des espèces tubéreuses cultivées originaires des régions hautes des Andes, où elles revêtent une importance particulière aux niveaux alimentaire, agronomique, culturel et économique. La diversité génétique au sein de ces espèces est très grande, mais est menacée d'érosion génétique. Dans ce contexte, notre étude s'est basée sur des échantillons de oca, ulluco et mashua, maintenus dans des système de conservation in situ et ex situ au Pérou et en Bolivie, dans l'objectif de contribuer à la conservation efficace (in situ et ex situ) de ces espèces négligées. Cette étude a combiné les connaissances autochtones andines, ainsi que des données agronomiques, morphologiques et moléculaires. Nous avons montré que l'agriculture andine conserve une grande diversité au niveau inter-spécifique, mais aussi au niveau intra-spécifique, en terme de nombre de variétés locales. Nous avons également mis en évidence de la présence de variétés hétérogènes, la congruence entre les données moléculaires et morphologiques, et une structure génétique influencée par la provenance géographique. Enfin, nous avons compilé l'ensemble de nos résultats dans un modèle récapitulatif. Nous avons montré l'importance des caractéristiques intrinsèques de l'espèce (mode de reproduction), ainsi que les spécificités du système agricole andin (socioculturels, économiques et environnementales). Cette étude a contribué de manière significative à la compréhension de la diversité génétique et de la structure des tubercules andins.

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Research objective. To investigate the effects of organic and conventional farming types on antioxidant activity of potato tubers and on the amounts of accumulated amino acids (tyrosine and tryptophan) and phenolic compounds. Research tasks 1. To develop and validate the HPLC method for quantification of phenolic compounds, tyrosine and tryptophan, accumulated by potatoes. 2. To investigate the effects of organic and conventional farming types, properties of a variety, and tuber time of maturity on the amounts of tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenolic compounds accumulated in potato tubers. 3. To evaluate the impacts of organic and conventional farming types on total antioxidant activity of potato tubers. 4. To determine the prevailing compounds with antioxidant activity accumulated in potato tubers, and quantify of their antioxidant activity. 5. To evaluate the influence of storage time on the amount of the accumulated phenolic compounds in organically and conventionally grown potato tubers. Research subject. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers of several varieties with different time of maturity: • Very early: ‘VB Venta’, ‘Fresco’, ‘Acapella’ • Early: ‘Santa’, ‘Goda’, ‘VB Liepa’ • Medium: ‘Lady Rosetta’, ‘Red Lady’, ‘Courage’ • Late: ‘VB Rasa’, ‘VB Aista’, ‘Saturna’ Originality of the research work. The effects of organic and conventional farming types, tuber time of maturity, and properties of a potato variety on the amount of antioxidant compounds accumulated in potato... [to full text] / Darbo tikslas. Ištirti ekologinės ir intensyviosios žemdirbystės sistemų įtaką bulvių gumbų antioksidaciniam aktyvumui ir jų kaupiamų amino rūgščių (tirozino ir triptofano) ir fenolinių junginių kiekiui. Uždaviniai 1. Sukurti ir validuoti ESC metodiką bulvių kaupiamų fenolinių junginių, tirozino ir triptofano kiekybiniam įvertinimui. 2. Ištirti ekologinės ir intensyviosios žemdirbystės sistemų, veislės savybių ir gumbų subrendimo laiko įtaką bulvių gumbų kaupiamų tirozino, triptofano ir fenolinių junginių kiekiui. 3. Įvertinti ekologinės ir intensyviosios žemdirbystės sistemų įtaką suminiam bulvių gumbų antioksidaciniam aktyvumui. 4. Nustatyti dominuojančius bulvių gumbų kaupiamus antioksidaciniu aktyvumu pasižyminčius junginius ir kiekybiškai įvertinti jų antioksidacinį aktyvumą. 5. Įvertinti sandėliavimo trukmės įtaką ekologiškai ir intensyviai augintų bulvių gumbų kaupiamų fenolinių junginių kiekiui. Tyrimo objektas. Skirtingo subrendimo laiko įvairių veislių valgomųjų bulvių (lot. Solanum tuberosum L.) gumbai: • Labai ankstyvos: ‘VB Venta’, ‘Fresco’, ‘Acapella’ • Ankstyvos: ‘Sante’, ‘Goda’, ‘VB Liepa’ • Vidutinio ankstyvumo: ‘Lady Rosetta’, ‘Red Lady’, ‘Courage’ • Vėlyvos: ‘VB Rasa’, ‘VB Aista’, ‘Saturna’ Mokslinio darbo naujumas. Ištirta ekologinės ir intensyviosios žemdirbystės sistemos, gumbų subrendimo laiko ir veislės įtaka bulvių gumbų kaupiamų antioksidacinių junginių kiekiui. Įvertintas bulvių gumbų antioksidacinis aktyvumas ekologiškai ir intensyviai augintuose... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The effects of foliage nutrition facilitate efficient and immediate supply of nutrient needs during the vegetation period. The objective of this thesis is to assess the effects of foliage application of magnesium sulfate and urea for potatoes, that are intended for processing into starch production. There were two sorts of potatoes with different vegetation period under study, an early variety called as Bernard and semi-late variety called as Ornella. The foliage fertilizers were applied in three different variants. In the first variant the sorts of potatoes were fertilized by solution of magnesium sulfate, in the second variant by solution of urea and in the third variant the solution of magnesium sulfate and urea was used. The assessment of the experiment consists of yield on tubers, contain of the starch, yield on starch, the average amount of tubers per tuft, the average weight of tubers and profitability of used foliage fertilizers. In the year under the study the increased yield on tubers and on starch was detected in all three used variants. Both sorts of potatoes showed the best results when the solution of bitter salt and urea was applied. The increased yield on starch was reached through the increased yield on tubers preserving the high contain of starch. The yield of starch increased by 8 % in the semi-late variety of potatoes Ornella. The early variety of potato Bernard showed the increase of yield on starch by 14%.

The thesis is focused on the application of foliar fertilizers in the cultivation of potatoes. The evaluation was based on one-year small-plot trial plot, which manages Selekta Pacov. An attempt was based on a comparison of revenue, market share tuber size and number of tubers in a bunch of potatoes, which were fertilized solutions bitter mangnesium sulfate and urea. The results obtained in 2015 largely reflected the drought which occurred during potato vegetation. Of backed results showed that foliar fertilization influences crop, size of table potatoes and starch content.

<p>The most common food and supplement prebiotic fiber is inulin – most commonly extracted from chicory root. Fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) is a smaller version of inulin, both containing mainly fructose units with β-1,2 linkages. FOS/inulin has been used, and studied, as a prebiotic for decades. The potential of alternative prebiotics intrinsic in whole foods, such as in tubers, grains, vegetables, and pulses – the world’s most common staple crops – are not as commonly recognized as prebiotics, though have this potential if fermentable in the gut. If such alternative sources of prebiotic ingredients could be established it would allow for cheaper, possibly more effective, and more diverse food product development options beyond FOS/inulin. </p> <p>This study demonstrates the potential of tubers, grains, and pulses as prebiotics in relation to their <i>in vitro</i> human fecal fermentation rate, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and microbiota indicators of alpha diversity and impact on key bacterial genera. Fecal samples were obtained from three diverse healthy human donors and used as the initial bacterial inoculum to simulate conditions in the human gut (colon). Substrates (n=35), after undergoing an upper gastrointestinal tract simulated digestion, were fermented by each individual donors’ inoculum separately, and measurements after 6, 12, and 24 h of fermentation were made on gas production, SCFA metabolite production, and microbiome composition. </p> <p>The results of this study establish high fermentability and potential prebiotic effects of dietary fibers from tubers, grains, and pulses. Whole foods, ground and cooked the same way, produced dietary fibers that were largely insoluble, but surprisingly fermentable with high SCFA levels, mostly slow fermentation profiles indicating high tolerability, and mostly promoting diverse microbiota responses compared to FOS. Generally, whole food fibers had higher fermentability than similar isolated fibers. Overall, the processing steps, such as atmospheric or pressure cooking, tested in some pulses did not detract, or add to, the prebiotic abilities of the substrates. Each food fiber substrate had unique effects on the gut microbiota parameters tested. Gut microbiome compositional responses to the same substrate varied significantly among the three donors, but notably SCFA metabolite responses were similar among donors. </p>

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the reaction of chosen potato varieties to the application of leaf fertilizers. The speed of their action and, together with combination with other interventions (common application with fungicides), and also the economics of their application belong among the advantage of leaf fertilizer application. In 2012 and 2013 there was an experiment established in 380 m above the sea level. In this experiment the effect of application of urea solution, Lignohumate, and Energen Fructus was evaluated in the varieties with a different length of vegetation period Magda very early, Adéla - early, Laura and Satina semi early and Bionta - late. The rate of sprouted plants, the yield of tubers, the proportion of tubers of consumer size, the number of tubers under cluster, an average weight of one tuber, the number of stems per a plant, and the content of starch were evaluated in these plants. It was found out from the results that in 2012 Magda and Satina varieties reacted with an increased average weight of one tuber after the application of all leaf fertilizers. The effect of Lignohumate was the most positive in this year; it increased an average weight of one tuber in Magda, Adéla, and Satina varieties. In comparison to that, in the second year of the experiment there was a positive reaction to additional fertilizing with Lignohumate, Urea, and Energen Fructus, leading to the increase of an average weight of one tuber in Magda, Adéla, Laura, and Bionta varieties. In 2013 there was the highest influence on an average weight of one tuber caused by the use of Urea, namely in Magda, Adéla, Laura, and Bionta varieties.

The main purpose of the master thesis project is to investigate the influence of selected serine protease inhibitors (SPI) on the catalytic action of the serine proteases chymotrypsin and trypsin, in a conjugated and non-conjugated state. The inhibitors included for this study were extracted from Solanum tuberosum, i.e.common potato. The purification method included in this study consist of crude extraction by mixer, followed by a salt-out procedure with ammonium sulphate. Further purification steps were cation exchange chromatography and, finally, gel filtration to obtain SPI of high purity. The purified sample was then characterized by SDS-page and kinetic activity measurement of trypsin and chymotrypsin action on synthetic substrate derivate, N-Benzoyl-DL-arginine-4-nitroanilide hydrochloride (BAPA) and N-Succinyl-L-phenylalanine-p-nitroaniline (SFpNA) respectively. The characterization showed inhibitory inactivation of both pancreatic proteases. This would indicate successful extraction of SPI. To investigate inhibitory action in a conjugated state, either enzyme or inhibitor was immobilized onto aluminium oxide membranes. Then two different experimental setups were tested, called experiment 1 and 2. In experiment 1, the inhibitor was immobilized and the interaction was monitored from a retention shift of enzyme flow-through compared to a blank column, using detection at 280 nm of the enzyme. In experiment 2 the enzyme was instead immobilized and a mixture of inhibitor and substrate was circulated with monitoring of the catalytic activity. The main goal was thus to measure the effects on the kinetics in the conjugated state compared to enzyme and inhibitor in the free state. The result from both experiment 1 and 2 did not yield consistent and reliable result so the discussed method should be regarded as preliminary results. The study also includes investigation of inhibitor-enzyme interaction as revealed by molecular mass data to determine complex formation. This part was conducted with static light scattering analysis to determine the stoichiometry for the interaction between pancreas proteases and the inhibitor. Results from light scattering showed promising indication of many-to-one interaction between enzyme and inhibitor, which have been seen by previous studies. It should be considered a preliminary result as complex formation does not exclude aggregation of enzymes or inhibitor in the solution.