Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, 1983. / Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 168-171).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.). / Written for the Dept. of Anthropology. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/05/12). Includes bibliographical references.

In this paper, I put to test Homer-Dixon’s theory which suggest that Environmental resource scarcity, can singly or in collaboration with other factors such as lack of local institutions and poverty work to produce violence due to competition. I start by analyzing a case study of Pokot-Turkana Conflict from 1969-1984. Using available literature, I discuss various motives of raiding by these two groups. And to further test Homer-Dixon’s theory, I analyze a non-violence case study on the Ethiopia-Somali region where agro-pastoralist in the Yarer and Daketa valley cooperate with visiting pastoralists during droughts. The leading question is, Given that both of these case studies take place in areas prone to scarcity of resources and both residents have access to illegal firearms and lack government control, why then are the Pokot and Turkana fighting and raiding each other, while the residents of Ethiopia- Somali region share and cooperate during droughts?

Thesis (M. Div.)--Emmanuel School of Religion, Johnson City, Tennessee, 2002. / Vita. Photocopy of computer printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-151).

Plus des deux tiers des champs pétroliers mondiaux se trouvent dans deux principaux environnements tectoniques : les marges continentales passives et les rifts continentaux. Dans le bassin de Lockichar dans le rift kenyan, plus de 600 millions de barils d'huile extractible ont été découverts. Les roches réservoirs principales dans ce bassin sont les grès de Lokone qui appartiennent à une famille plus large de grès appelés les ‘Turkana Grits', grès arkosiques en sandwich entre le socle métamorphique et les roches volcaniques du Miocène Moyen. La quantité des hydrocarbures dans les grès réservoirs de Lokone ont ainsi motivé la présente étude des ‘Turkana Grits' pour en préciser les caractéristiques en tant que réservoir potentiel d'hydrocarbures. Trois formations sédimentaires, c'est-à-dire, la Formation Kimwarer, la Formation Kamego et le grès de Loriu, qui n'ont jamais été complètement caractérisées du point de vue chronostratigraphique et sédimentologique ont été étudiées à travers des relevés détaillés. Plus de 170 échantillons ont été récoltés pour déterminer leur contenu en fraction détritique et authigène, les zones principales de cimentation des différents affleurements et, à partir d'une analyse des lithofaciès, les environnements de dépôts. Les échantillons de roches volcaniques et intrusives ont également été caractérisés et utilisés pour des datations avec la méthode 39Ar-40Ar. Trois environnements de dépôt superposés ont été déterminés pour la Formation Kimwarer : un chenal fluviatile distal, un cône d alluvial et une plaine d'inondation. L'étude diagénétique montre des changements de ciments à hématite dominante à la base, calcite dominante dans les zones intermédiaires et retour à l'hématite dominante au sommet de la formation. Les épisodes de cimentation opèrent pendant la diagénèse précoce à tardive, à basse température (<80°C), et en condition de compaction mécanique significative. Un âge minimum des dépôts d'environ 18 Ma (Miocène précoce-Burdigalien) a également été établi pour cette formation. La Formation Kamego évolue d'un environnement fluviatile à celui d'une plaine d'inondation et est principalement cimentée par de l'hématite. De la calcite est présente uniquement dans les premiers 5 m. Une coulée de lave peu épaisse interstratifiée dans les sédiments les plus jeunes de la Formation Kamego a livré un âge minimum des dépôts d'environ 20 Ma pour l'essentiel des sédiments. Le grès de Loriu est une formation principalement composée de dépôts de chenal fluviatile. Les principaux ciments sont la calcite, l'hématite et la kaolinite. Un filon intrusif suggère que l'âge minimum des dépôts est d'environ 18.5 Ma. L'analyse de réservoir finale sur les 'Turkana Grits' montre que la compaction et la cimentation sont les agents dominants de la réduction de porosité, et que les ‘Turkana Grits' sont généralement de médiocre à modérément bonnes unités réservoirs. Les grès de Lokone ont des porosités en sub-surface qui s'échelonnent entre 10 et 20 % et des perméabilités aussi élevées que 3 Darcy (Africa Oil Corporation, 2011). A partir des analyses pétrographiques, la Formation Kimwarer a été classée comme ayant la seconde place en tant que réservoir potentiel d'hydrocarbures avec des porosités aussi élevées que 20 % sur certains segments du log stratigraphique étudié. La Formation Kamego a également un bon potentiel mais n'est pas aussi bien classée à cause de la fraction importante de matériel volcanique qu'elle renferme et de la capacité de ce matériel à s'altérer au cours de la diagénèse. Les porosités sont basses dans les grès de Loriu, en conséquence cette formation n'est classée que cinquième parmi les Turkana Grits, réservoir potentiel d'hydrocarbures. / Over two thirds of the world’s giant oilfields are found in two principle tectonic regimes; continental passive margins and continental rifts. The preferential formation of hydrocarbons in rifts is attributed to the proximal juxtaposition of high grade, lacustrine source rock units with medium to high grade reservoir rocks - a consequence of both faulting and sedimentation in the resulting accommodation space, which in many cases may locally modify the prevailing climatic conditions. In one of such basins, the Lokichar Basin in the Kenyan Rift, over 600 million barrels of recoverable oil have been discovered. The principle reservoir unit in this basin is the Lokone Sandstone that belongs to a larger family of sandstones called the ‘Turkana Grits’, arkosic sandstones that are sandwiched between metamorphic basement and mid-Miocene volcanics. The hydrocarbon proclivity of the Lokone Sandstones as reservoir units motivated further study of the ‘Turkana Grits’, as potential hydrocarbon reservoirs. In this work, three sedimentary formations, i.e. Kimwarer Formation, Kamego Formation and Loriu Sandstones, which have not been previously fully characterized from chronostratigraphic and sedimentological point of views were studied through detailed logging. Over 170 samples were collected to determine, detrital and authigenic components, the main cementation zones in the different outcrops, and, from lithofacies analysis, the depositional environments. Volcanic and intrusive samples were also characterized and used for 39Ar-40Ar dating. Three superposed depositional environments were determined for the Kimwarer Formation, a distal fluvial channel, an alluvial fan and a floodplain depositional environment. The diagenetic study shows cements change from dominant hematite at the base to calcite within the middle zones and back to hematite towards the top of the Formation. These cementation episodes occur during early and relatively late diagenesis in low temperature conditions (<80 °C), under significant mechanical compaction. A minimum deposition age at ca. 18 Ma (Early Miocene – Burdigalian) has also been set for the Kimwarer Formation. The Kamego Formation evolves from fluvial to floodplain depositional environments and is dominantly cemented by hematite. Calcite cement is only noted in the lowermost 5m. A thin lava flow interbedded with the topmost sediments of the Kamego Formation gave a minimum deposition age of ca. 20 Ma for most of the sediments. The Loriu Sandstone is composed predominantly of fluvial channel deposits. The main cements are calcite, hematite and kaolinite clays. A cross-cutting dyke suggests a minimum deposition age of ca. 18.5Ma. A final reservoir analysis of the Turkana Grits shows that while compaction and cementation are dominant agents of porosity reduction, the Turkana Grits are generally poor to moderately good reservoir units. The Lokone Sanstone has been proven to have sub-surface porosities ranging between 10 - 20% and permeabilities as high as 3 darcies (Africa Oil Corporation, 2011). For petrographic analyses, the Kimwarer Formation has been ranked as having the second best reservoir potential with porosities as high as 20% in some sections of its studied stratigraphy. The Kamego Formation also has good potential but is not as highly ranked owing to the huge component of volcanic material that have a greater propensity to diagenetic alteration. No good porosities were noted for the Loriu Sandstone and hence this formation has been ranked 5th amongst the Turkana Grits.

Certain aspects of livestock production and social organization in a group of East African nomadic pastoralists, the Ngisonyoka Turkana in Northwest Kenya, are studied. The main topics are the position of small stock (goats and sheep) in the population and production characteristics of the multi-species (goats, sheep, camels, cattle, and donkeys) herds, livestock ownership and management with a focus on women and small stock, and the activities and morphology of the Turkana household as an integrated livestock enterprise. Four nomadic Ngisonyoka households were followed throughout fifteen months in 1980-81, and formed the basis for intensive quantitative and qualitative data collection. Field research took place during a period of drought followed by heavy rains, and enemy-raiding activity, which allowed documentation of the effects of very stressful conditions on household herds and food production. Data on herd dynamics demonstrate an adaptive value to herdowners of maintaining large, multi-species herds in variable and hazard-filled pastoral environments. Many animals of all species died, but the species were affected diferently: e.g., small stock succumbed most readily to, but recovered most quickly from, the drought. Similarly, analysis of the production of food from the herds (milk, blood, meat, and, indirectly, purchased maizemeal) shows that no species can be singled out as most critical; rather, they all contribute in essential ways. For example, small-stock milk is not as quantitatively important overall as camel milk; nevertheless small stock are important milk producers, especially at certain times of the year. The Turkana awi is identified as a household on the basis of its activities, and the morphology and activities of the four study awis are discussed in detail. Emphasis is on the interrelationships between morphology and activities and the nomadic pastoral adaptation. Analysis of women's roles in the livestock production system focuses on relationships between human sex roles in management and labor and livestock species differences. Contrary to the apparent situation in some pastoral groups, Turkana women are not more involved with small stock than with large stock husbandry. Small stock and large stock are equally the concern of pastoral Turkana of all sexes and ages.

The recent history of the Turkana of northern Kenya has rarely been explored in detail, a fact that corresponds with, and to a large extent facilitates, their regular portrayal in the popular press as passive, unchanging and therefore vulnerable in the face of ongoing and ensuing socio-economic transformations. Such visions of the Turkana and the region in which they live have, via their manifestation in the policies and practices of development-orientated interventions, actively inhibited (although never fully arrested) the fulfilment of various local desires and aspirations over the years. In addressing these topics, this thesis provides some hitherto largely unexplored and unrecognised historical context to the many socio-economic and political issues surrounding Turkana's ongoing development. It discusses interdisciplinary research which combined archaeological and ethnographic techniques and was undertaken amongst communities engaged in the most prominent livelihoods that have historically underlain the Turkana pastoral economy: fishing (akichem), cultivation (akitare), herding (akiyok) and raiding (aremor). In doing so, it draws attention to some of the ways in which these communities have actively and dynamically negotiated broad economic, environmental and political transformations over the last century and beyond, thereby providing a picture of social change and long-term continuity that might serve as a means for a more critical assessment of regional development over the coming years. By weaving together a series of historical narratives that emerge from a consideration of the changing production, use and exchange of material culture, the thesis builds an understanding of Turkana's history that diverges from more standard, implicitly accepted notions of recent change in such regions of the world that envisage globalisation purely as a process of convergence or homogenisation. Its central argument, which it demonstrates using various examples, is that seemingly disruptive transformations in daily practices, social institutions, livelihoods and systems of livelihood interaction can be envisaged as articulations of longer-term continuities, emerging from a set of durable yet open-ended dispositions within Turkana society and culture. Moreover, rather than being built on a stable, passive repertoire of cultural knowledge, the thesis shows that this capacity for change is established upon a dynamic generative process where value systems and institutions are reconfigured to the same extent as daily practices and skills, as knowledge is continually reconstituted and recast in relation to the shifting constraints and possibilities of daily life. It thus characterises this process as a form of resilience that is deeply rooted in and determinant of the Turkana pastoral economy.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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