In the 1980s, the meadows around Senotín in southern Bohemia were drained by subsurface pipe drainage. After considerable drought in 1992, this area was subjected to extensive research. In 1995, a part of the drained area was revitalized. The drainage pipeline was interrupted by seven clay screens, over four of them country lanes and shallow depressions were built. The research of this site was realized after revitalization and focused on the water regime of the soil and on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. This thesis describes the state of water regime, physical and chemical parameters of soil in undrained, drained and revitalized areas 20 years after revitalization and compares them with data from research performed in the past. The rainfall and runoff data was measured in the catchment area, and soil samples were collected in the regular network. Research has shown that between 1998 and 2014 there has been a reduction in river runoff. However, a more detailed data analysis has identified the vegetation transpiration as the main factor. There has been no increase in soil retention or soil moisture. None of the investigated soil parameters on the revitalized area (bulk density, carbon and nitrogen content, C:N ratio, pH, and conductivity of the aqueous extract) is...

The aim of the diploma thesis was to evaluate the content of soil organic carbon in the area of Novohradsko. Soil organic carbon was monitored in its stable (SOC) and labile (WSOC) form, followed by the total organic carbon stock (Cpool). These soil parameters were determined in soils of different land cover types (forest, arable land, grassland) in the area formed by the catchments of Pasecký, Bedřichovský, Váčkový and Veverský stream. Data obtained in 2001, 2007 and 2014 were statistically analysed and the comparison of the data from different catchments was conducted. The results show the impact of different land use on the amount of soil organic carbon. In general, a higher amount of soil organic carbon were found in soils of grassland and forest soils, whereas a lower amounts were found in arable land. The comparison and the time development analysis show that there is a trend of the increase in quantity of stable fraction of soil organic carbon in all categories of land cover over the whole monitored period. The opposite trend of a continuous decrease over the whole of the monitored period in all categories of land cover was observed in amounts of labile fraction of soil organic carbon. It can be said that there is an increase in the stock of a stable fraction of soil organic carbon due to lower losses of the labile fraction of soil organic carbon in forest soils, arable soils and soils of grassland.

Antimony film electrode was studied for the use in a voltammetric analysis of organic compounds. The substance chosen as an analyte was trifluralin, which is used as a pesticide. The comparison of different substrate electrodes was carried out between five electrodes, which were gold, silver, copper, polished amalgam and glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Best performance was observed on antimony film glassy carbon electrode (SbFGCE). It provided higher sensitivity and lower limit of quantification in comparison with bare GCE. The antimony film was stable and it provided good reproducibility (RSD = 5.2 %). Parameters of an electrochemical preparation of SbFGCE were optimized. Conditions for determination of concentration of trifluralin were optimized on newly prepared SbFGCE. The best conditions were in a solution of methanol and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid in 1:1 ratio measured by differential pulse voltammetry. The limit of quantification was determined as 1.2·10-6 mol·l-1 . A direct voltammetric measurement on SbFGCE was carried out in a model river sample. Lower limits of quantification were achieved with solid phase extraction (SPE). Recovery values were 86 ± 8 % in deionized water with a preconcentration factor of 125. The limit of quantification was lowered to value 1.1·10-8 mol·l-1 . The extraction...

Microbial diversity plays an important role in the decomposition of soil organic matter. However, the drivers of this dependence still remain unclear. The work is based on long-term monitoring of soils of different successional stages of different diversity. Soil sampling was conducted on two dumps after brown coal mining in the Sokolov. Soils were X ray sterilized and inoculated by inoculum from both soils in two inoculation density which create gradient of microbial diversity. Then microbial respiration was measured in either supplied or not supplied by litter of Calamagrostis epigejos. Results showed a strong positive correlation between the microbial diversity and decomposition of organic matter if the microbial community is limited by available carbon. If there isn't carbon limit available, the decomposition rate is controlled by the amount of microbial biomass. Results demonstrated positive correlation between the rate of decomposition and the amount of fungal biomass. The soils with the addition of leaf litter showed priming effect in the initial stage of decomposition. In the control samples without addition of litter priming effect wasn't observed. Increasing humidity led to increase of decomposition rate. We can conclude with a clear conscience that similarly conclusive results associated...

This thesis is part of Project of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic No P504/11/1151, focused on the role of plants in the balance of carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases produced in the ecosystem of a sedge fen, which is situated on the study site Wet Meadows near Třeboň. The thesis deals with the growth dynamics of the dominant sedge, Carex acuta. The samples were taken using the method of successive harvests near the automatic meteorological station of Czech Globe, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. During the growing season nine harvests were accomplished on 25.3, 15.4, 6.5, 5.6., 9.7., 5.8., 9.9., 21.10., 25.11.. On each date eight replicates were taken, i.e., a total of 72 samples within the vegetation season. The seasonal dynamic of the above ground biomass was compared between C. acuta and the other plant species on the experimental area. Both live and dead biomass, was harvested and subsequently sorted to single botanic species, dried, weighed and the values were processed using the MS Excel tables. The seasonal maximum of aboveground biomass of all plant species (both live and dead parts) was found on 9.7. (1452,72 g.m-2). Among plant species the highest values of aboveground biomass were attained by Calamagrostis canescens (1257,93 g.m-2) and C. acuta (1163,49 g.m-2). C. acuta displayed the highest density of all shoots on 15.4 (300 m-2),and the highest average weight of one shoot. The maximum length of the longest live shoot of Carex acuta was very consistent among the measurememnts.

This master thesis is dealing with monitoring of gaseous products of microbial decomposition of organic pollution in constructed wetland. This wetland was used for wastewater treatment in a village Slavošovice, Czech Republic. Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O were measured in one treatment bed of the system. The emissions were quantified, their seasonal course was followed, and the main factors affecting gaseous emissions were identified. Only 3 % of total C emissions were in form of methane, N2O emissions were negligible and only 1,5 % of nitrogen denitrified were in form of N2O. Carbon and nitrogen balances of the system were estimated.

Annotation: Soil respiration represents an important flow of CO2 between atmosphere and soil. Carbon bounded in the process of photosynthesis may be fixed in soil, but also may be released back to atmosphere in the form of CO2. An accurate evaluation of global carbon balance is a key for the estimation of future development of atmospheric concentration of CO2 and prediction of climate changes. The soil respiration of selected wetland biotopes with graminoid vegetation was studied in relation to concentration of soil carbon, nutrient availability, soil moisture and soil temperature during the vegetation season 2008. The observed wetlands included a locality located near the village of Hamr with mineral soil and the nature reserve Záblatské meadows with organic soil. Soil respiration was measured as CO2 release from soil with the use of the equipment LiCor 6400 with soil chamber. The influence of fertilizer application on CO2 release was not proved for either locality. A relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture was found on Záblatské meadows, where the CO2 release declined with increasing soil moisture.

Plusieurs complexes de salphen à base de métaux transition (Cr, Co, Fe) ont été synthétisés et utilisés comme catalyseurs pour la copolymérisation d’époxydes avec du monoxyde de carbone (CO), des anhydrides ou du dioxyde de carbone (CO2). De nouveaux complexes à base de Zn, Al, Mg ont également été testés pour la copolymérisation d’époxydes avec CO2.La partie première s’intéresse principalement à la copolymérisation d’oxyde de propylène avec du monoxyde de carbone. Le complexe salphen de chrome et Co2(CO)8 ont été utilisées comme catalyseurs. Quel que soit le complexe utilisé, il a été observé une faible activité et les produits de carbonylation attendus (polyester et lactone) ont été obtenus en faible quantité. En revanche, la combinaison in-situ de ces deux catalyseurs a montré une activité supérieure. Cela a conduit à la formation de la lactone cyclique (β-butyrolactone) et de poly(ester-co-éther) de faible masse molaire, ce qui marque une faible compatibilité de ces complexes.La partie suivante traite de la copolymérisation d’époxydes avec des anhydrides catalysée par des complexes de salphen à base de chrome et fer ou d’une base organique simple. Les complexes utilisés sans co-catalyseur ont été inactifs, mais la combinaison avec la base organique (PPNCl) comme co-catalyseur a conduit à la copolymérisation alternée des deux monomères, produisant des polyesters avec des masses molaires jusqu’ à 10 kg.mol-1 et une faible dispersité. PPNCl s’est révélée être la base la plus efficace pour la copolymérisation alternée des époxydes et des anhydrides. Les bases organiques simples utilisées seules ont aussi permis l’obtention de polyesters, mais avec des temps de polymérisation cinq fois plus longs.Enfin, la troisième partie présente la copolymérisation des époxydes avec CO2 en présence de complexes salphen de Cr ou de Co. Les complexes salphen cobalt ont été significativement plus efficaces pour la copolymérisation de l’oxyde de propylène (PO) ou de l’oxyde de cyclohexène (CHO) avec CO2 que leurs homologues à base de chrome. Les polycarbonates obtenus avec les complexes de cobalt ont plus de 99% d’unités carbonate, des masses molaires allant de 10 à 35 kg.mol-1 et une faible dispersité. Les études cinétiques ont permis de montrer que la polymérisation est contrôlée. Des analyses par spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF ont permis de vérifier la microstructure et le mécanisme d’activation. Toutefois, pour la copolymérisation de PO avec CO2, les complexes salphen cobalt ont une activité plus faible (100-450 h-1) ainsi qu’une sélectivité en polycarbonate moindre (40-90%) que les complexes salen cobalt. Une sélectivité de 100% vers la synthèse de polycarbonate a néanmoins pu être obtenue lors de la copolymérisation de CHO avec CO2. Enfin, les complexes β-diminate, ketiminate et aminidate d’Al, Zn et Mg utilisés pour la copolymérisation d’époxydes avec CO2 se sont révélés décevants car présentant une activité très faible et seuls des homopolyéthers ont été obtenus. / A series of salphen complexes based on Cr, Co and Fe was synthesized and used as catalysts in ring-opening copolymerization of different substrates: (i) epoxides with carbon monoxide (CO), (ii) epoxides with anhydrides and (iii) epoxides with carbon dioxide (CO2). Additionally, a screening of catalytic activity for the last substrate was performed with novel Zn, Al and Mg non-salen based complexes.The first part of the Thesis deals with the copolymerization of propylene oxide with carbon monoxide using asymmetric salphen chromium complex and Co2(CO)8 in order to prepare a synthetic equivalent of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) otherwise accessible by fermentation of various substrates. Very poor catalytic performances towards carbonylated products (PHB or β-butyrolactone (BBL)) were observed with any of the two complexes. The combination of both salphen chromium and Co2(CO)8 complexes led to increased formation of BBL. Low molar mass poly(ester-co-ether) was only prepared, suggesting a poor compatibility of selected complexes.The second part of the work is focused on the copolymerization of epoxides with anhydrides catalyzed by salphen chromium or iron complexes combined with simple organic bases as cocatalysts. Salphen complexes alone were almost inactive, while in the presence of bis(triphenylphosphineiminium)chloride (PPNCl) they afforded highly alternating polyesters with molar mass up to 10 kg.mol-1 and low dispersity. Surprisingly, organic bases alone afforded similar, highly alternating polyesters at five-time lower polymerization rate. PPNCl was found to be an effective catalyst for the highly alternating copolymerization of various epoxides and anhydrides.The last part of our investigations refers to the copolymerization of epoxides with CO2 using salphen chromium and especially salphen cobalt complexes. Cobalt catalysts were significantly more active in propylene oxide (PO)/CO2 and cyclohexene oxide (CHO)/CO2 copolymerization compared to their chromium analogues. Highly alternating polycarbonates (> 99%) with low dispersity and molar mass 10-35 kg.mol-1 were prepared by salphen cobalt complexes. Kinetic studies showed that these polymerizations are controlled and MALDI-TOF MS analysis was used for initiation mechanism clarification. Compared to widely investigated salen Co catalysts, salphen Co complexes exhibit lower activity (100-450 h-1) and selectivity to polymer (40-90%) in propylene oxide/CO2 copolymerization, while 100% selectivity to polycarbonate was achieved in the copolymerization of CHO and CO2. Alternatively, new Al, Zn and Mg-based catalysts were tested for CO2 activation, however, they usually led only to epoxide homopolymerization. / V této práci byla připravena řada salfenových komplexů na bázi chromu, kobaltu a železa. Tyto komplexy byly použity jako katalyzátory pro kopolymerizace epoxidů s různými substráty: (i) s oxidem uhelnatým (CO), (ii) s anhydridy a (iii) s oxidem uhličitým (CO2). U nových komplexů na bázi zinku, hliníku a hořčíku byla dále testována možnost jejich použití jako katalyzátorů pro kopolymerizace epoxidů s CO2.První část práce se zabývá kopolymerizací epoxidů s oxidem uhelnatým s využitím asymetrického salfenového komplexu na bázi chromu a Co2(CO)8 s cílem připravit kopolymer na bázi přírodního polyhydroxybutyrátu (PHB). Salfenový komplex chromu i Co2(CO)8 vykazovaly velmi nízké aktivity při karbonylaci propylenoxidu a poskytovaly pouze nepatrné množství produktů (cyklického β-butyrolaktonu a PHB). Kombinace obou katalytických komplexů vedla k výraznému zvýšení aktivity ve prospěch cyklického produktu (β-butyrolaktonu) i polymeru. Kopolymerizací PO s CO byl získán pouze nízkomolekulární poly(ester-co-ether), což naznačuje špatnou vzájemnou kompatibilitu těchto komplexů.Druhá část je zaměřena na kopolymerizace epoxidů s anhydridy katalyzované salfenovými komplexy chromu a železa v kombinaci s jednoduchými organickými bázemi. Samotné salfenové komplexy chromu a železa nevedly ke vzniku polymeru. V kombinaci s nukleofilním kokatalyzátorem bis(trifenylfosfin)iminium chloridem (PPNCl) ovšem tyto komplexy poskytly alternující kopolymery epoxidu a anhydridu (polyestery) s molárními hmotnostmi do 10 kg.mol-1 a nízkou dispersitou. Dále bylo zjištěno, že samotné organické báze poskytují podobně jako salfenové komplexy vysoce alternující kopolymery se srovnatelnou molární hmotností i úzkou dispersitou, i když je zapotřebí 5x delších polymerizačních časů. Nejvyšší účinnost ze všech testovaných bází měl PPNCl. Tato báze byla dále efektivně použita pro kopolymerizace řady epoxidů a anhydridů za vzniku vysoce alternujících kopolymerů. Třetí část pojednává o kopolymerizacích epoxidů s CO2 s využitím salfenových komplexů chromu a kobaltu. Bylo zjištěno, že kobaltové komplexy jsou oproti chromovým mnohem efektivnější katalyzátory jak při kopolymerizacích propylenoxidu (PO) s CO2 tak i cyklohexenoxidu (CHO) s CO2. Salfenové komplexy kobaltu poskytly polykarbonáty s vysokým obsahem karbonátových jednotek v kopolymeru (> 99%), úzkou dispersitou a s molárními hmotnostmi 10-35 kg.mol-1. Studie kinetiky odhalila kontrolovaný průběh kopolymerizace. Dále byla provedena MALDI-TOF analýza výsledných polykarbonátů s cílem objasnit mechanismus iniciace kopolymerizace. Ve srovnání se salenovými komplexy kobaltu vykazují salfenové komplexy při kopolymerizacích PO s CO2 nižší aktivitu (100-450 h-1) i selektivitu na polykarbonát (40-90%). Při kopolymerizacích CHO s CO2 byla ovšem selektivita 100%. Nové komplexy na bázi Al, Mg a Zn byly také testovány jako katalyzátory pro kopolymerizace epoxidů s CO2, nicméně jejich aktivita byla nízká a výsledkem těchto reakcí byly pouze polykarbonáty s nízkým podílem karbonátových jednotek nebo polyethery.

Diplomová práce se zabývá vlivem uhlíkatého plniva na životaschopnost a produkci extracelulárních látek vybrané bakterie Bacillus subtilis (CCM 1999) a kvasinky Yarrowia lipolytica (CCY 29-26-52). Antimikrobiální aktivita těchto částic, přítomných v kultivačním mediu, byla sledována pomocí následujících parametrů: růst daného mikroorganismu, produkce extracelulárních proteinů a v poslední řadě byla monitorována produkce extracelulárních polymerních substancí, které mají úzkou souvislost s tvorbou biofilmu. Suspenze materiálů (0,135 mg/mL) byly připraveny ve dvou rozdílných kultivačních mediích; tzn. živné medium s obsahem glukózy pro Bacillus subtilis a bazální medium s přídavkem Tweenu 80 pro Yarrowia lipolytica, a media byla inokulována příslušným typem mikroorganismu. Experimenty probíhaly po dobu 6 dnů při rychlosti třepání 160 rpm a teplotě 30 °C pro Bacillus subtilis a 28 °C pro Yarrowia lipolytica. Testovány byly celkem tři typy uhlíkatého nanomateriálu, získané z Katedry anorganické chemie, Vysoké školy chemicko-technologické v Praze. Tyto materiály specifikované jako materiál “A”, “B” a “C” se navzájem lišily velikostí částic a stupněm oxidace. Na základě skríningových studií byla vybrána koncentrace testovaného materiálu 0,135 mg/mL a rychlost třepání 160 rpm. Metodou měření optické hustoty vzorku při 600 nm byly sestaveny a porovnány růstové křivky obou mikroorganismů v přítomnosti testovaných nanočástic po dobu 5 dní. Tímto způsobem bylo zjištěno, že přítomnost nanočástic v mediu nemá velký vliv na růst zkoumaného mikroorganismu. Tato metoda, je však pouze orientační, protože se nevyhneme chybě díky přítomnosti mrtvých buněk. Dále byla testována produkce celkových a extracelulárních proteinů daným mikroorganismem v přítomnosti testovaných nanočástic. Nebyla však pozorována výrazná odchylka hodnot od hodnot kontrolního vzorku, který neobsahoval testovaný materiál. Na základě metod počítání kolonií (Bacillus subtilis) a buněk (Yarrowia lipolytica) byly určeny ztráty životaschopnosti mikroorganismu ve 3 časech (6, 48 a 144 hodin); v kratším časovém intervalu byl růst spíše podporován. Dále byla monitorována produkce extracelulárních polymerních substancí (EPS), tedy proteinů, redukujících substancí a polysacharidů. Tyto látky byly vylučovány daným mikroorganismem do prostředí v průběhu 24 hodin. Bacillus subtilis produkoval EPS ve větší míře než Yarrowia lipolytica. Předpokládáme, že produkce EPS by mohla souviset s tvorbou biofilmu, který chrání buňky před toxicitou nanočástic.

Electrochemical oxidation of acyclovir at glassy-carbone electrode and boron-doped diamond electrode gives one pH-dependent oxidation signal; the corresponding electrode reaction is controlled by diffusion. It is followed by a second indistinctive signal in the pH range 2,0 - 9,0. Further, optimization of conditions was carried out for determination of acyclovir using DC and DP voltammetry. The calibration dependence on GC electrode in B−R buffer (pH = 6,0) is linear only in the concentration range from 2 to 10 μmol∙l−1 for DCV with limit of detection 0,38 μmol∙l−1; for DPV it is not linear. BDD electrode has to be activated to prevent its passivation. Anodic activation at +2,4 V for 15 s with simultaneous stirring of solution results in relative standard deviation of 0,9% for acyclovir concentration of 1∙10−4 mol∙l−1. Using DCV and DPV methods linear concentration dependences were obtained in 0,1 mol∙l-1 nitric acid and in pH 6,0 B−R buffer. The lowest limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOD = 0,47 μmol∙l−1 a LOQ = 1,55 μmol∙l−1) and linear range from 0,6 to 100 μmol∙l−1 was reached in pH 6,0 B−R buffer. Further, standard addition method was used to quantify acyclovir in Zovirax tablets. Satisfactory recoveries of 101,1 ± 2,3 % using DCV and 98,8 ± 2,2 % using DPV at BDD (compared with the...