Les technologies à membranes sont en plein développement ; toutefois, les problèmes de colmatage limitent cette expansion. Les acides humiques présents dans les eaux naturelles induisent des chutes de production des membranes et sont à l'origine de fortes diminutions des durées de vie des matériaux filtrants. L'objectif principal de ce travail a été de développer une approche originale du colmatage de membranes basses pression d'ultrafiltration (UF). L'originalité de ce travail est de proposer plusieurs outils d'autopsie de membranes à deux échelles, l'une macroscopique (par des mesures de perméabilité hydraulique, dont sont déduites les résistances de colmatage et l'indice de colmatage MFI-UF) et l'autre microscopique (par la détermination de la dimension fractale des particules d'acides humiques et leurs agrégats déposés à la surface de la membrane). En utilisant une combinaison de ces outils macroscopiques, microscopiques et in situ, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthodologie pour l'analyse d'un gâteau d'acides humiques sur une membrane et ainsi permis d'évaluer plus finement que jusqu'ici la nature, les mécanismes, et les conséquences du colmatage de membranes basses pression. Cette méthode a été appliquée aux fibres creuses (vierge et colmaté par l'eau de surface naturelle), combinées avec l'autopsie de membrane. De plus, un nouvel appareillage semi-automatique de la mesure du potentiel d'écoulement, mise au point par nos soins, a permis de réaliser des investigations à l'intérieur de la structure de la membrane afin d'y déceler le cas échéant la présence de matière organiques naturelles (MON). La dernière partie est consacrée à une étude du prétraitement d'une solution d'acides humiques en présence de.bentonite modifiée (dénommée mont-Al-CTAB) afin de tenter de limiter le colmatage par les MON. La méthode de prétraitement employant la bentonite s'est avérée efficace en réduisant la résistance totale du gâteau d'acides humiques, en particulier en provoquant la diminution de la dimension fractale du gâteau formé en présence de bentonite.

This study was to investigate theory and application of Osmotic Distillation (OD). OD is a new novel membrane separation process used for the concentration of aqueous solutions such as fruit juices without the application of heat. The present work was undertaken to investigate flux limitations focusing on feedside, membrane and stripper side characteristics of OD. Once the limiting areas were identified, further studies were undertaken to determine methods of minimizing those limitations without losing the quality and integrity of the liquid feed. A laboratory scale OD system was used to simulate the industrial process which takes place during the production of grape juice concentrate for the fruit juice industry. Results of a UF pretreatment study showed that the use of UF membranes with pore diameters of 0.1 fÝm or less as a pretreatment for the subsequent OD of grape juice resulted in significant increases in OD flux over that observed for juice not subjected to UF. The study of the physical properties of the feed played an important role in the explanation of the OD process. The increase in OD flux was attributed to a reduction in juice viscosity as the result of the removal of protein and other high molecular weight components. Apart from an increase in OD flux, UF pretreatment of the grape juice proved to be beneficial in other areas of the OD process. HPLC measurements showed that the normal concentration of fermentable sugars in standard 68 oBrix concentrate can be achieved at a lower Brix value in feed subjected to UF pretreatment, further reducing the need to handle highly viscous feeds. UF pretreatment also resulted in an increase in juice surface tension consequently reducing the tendency for membrane wet-out to occur. The study of the deoxygenation of the feed solution shows that the removal of dissolved gases by the pre boiling method and the perstraction with chemical reaction (PCR) method both had a positive affect on OD flux. Pre boiling the brine resulted in an indirect reduction in dissolved oxygen in the feed. Pre boiling both the feed and brine, further increased the flux. Throughout the PCR study, it was evident that stripper side mass transfer of O2 was not limited by flowrate but was limited by higher stripper concentration. However, the latter had an insignificant effect when the sulfite-oxygen reaction was catalysed. The use of a catalyst and increase in temperature gave a significant improvement in overall mass transfer coefficient. Ten types of hydrophobic microporous membranes were tested for their influence on OD flux. While the pore diameter is a considerable factor in mass transport of gases through the membrane, it was also noted that the type of membrane material used had an affect on the overall mass transfer. All top three performing membranes had pore diameters of 0.2 x 10-6 m and were made from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The choice of brine to use as the stripper was based on criteria that were confirmed by the brine studies performed here. The best performing stripper solutions demonstrating the greatest improvement in OD flux over the most commonly used brines, NaCl, CaCl2 and CH3COOK were aqueous solutions of potassium salts of phosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid and blends thereof. These salts agreed with all the required characteristics of a suitable brine, demonstrating high solubility rates, supporting the ability to lower water vapour pressure. The study of the corrosion effects of brine salts confirmed the phosphate salts are superior demonstrating some of the lowest corrosion rates and highest pH.