<p>The purpose of this essay is to elucidate if there is a liability to damages for cardholders, in case of unauthorized use of bankcards, in the event a liability for payment, according to 34 § the Swedish Law concerning Consumer Credits, should not be established between card issuer and cardholder. The purpose is also to elucidate if card issuing companies, in the event a liability for payment is established between card issuer and cardholder, have any possibility to get a larger sum than is allowed by 34 § the Swedish Law concerning Consumer Credits, by demanding damages from the cardholder. Finally there is a judgement of how a court could do if it wanted to hold a cardholder liable to damages because of unauthorized use of bankcards.</p>

The purpose of this essay is to elucidate if there is a liability to damages for cardholders, in case of unauthorized use of bankcards, in the event a liability for payment, according to 34 § the Swedish Law concerning Consumer Credits, should not be established between card issuer and cardholder. The purpose is also to elucidate if card issuing companies, in the event a liability for payment is established between card issuer and cardholder, have any possibility to get a larger sum than is allowed by 34 § the Swedish Law concerning Consumer Credits, by demanding damages from the cardholder. Finally there is a judgement of how a court could do if it wanted to hold a cardholder liable to damages because of unauthorized use of bankcards.

Unauthorized-use is the most difficult problem to government-owned land authorities. Although the land used for military purposes belongs to government-owned land, its reasons for unauthorized-use are still different from those other government-owned land authorities face. Most researches about government-owned land occupations and exclusion focus on the part of the management sector. This study, however, takes both the manager¡¦s and the unauthorized-user viewpoint to discuss the land unauthorized-use problem the Chinese Military Academy faces. After analyzing literatures, interviewing related people, and several case studies, I am able to suggest some practicable solutions based on the present law. This study finds the land belonging to the Chinese Military Academy was taken illegally mostly during the 1950s and the 1970s, before Government-Owned Land Laws were passed. Ninety percent of the unauthorized-user are veterans, and the rest are ordinary people living close to the battalion, who took the land mostly for housing, with a very small percentage for profit. The main reasons are the unauthorized-user complaints of unequal treatment, their financial conditions, and their dependence on the unauthorized-use land. Of course the military authorities¡¦ negligence has made the situation worse. This study also finds that most unauthorized-user ask for alternative housing and compensations, while the military wants to resort to law. Since the R.O.C. Constitution safeguards people¡¦s property right, I try to take the unauthorized-use peoples¡¦ appeal into consideration. This research suggests that the National Defense Act Stipulations 22 and 23 be revised, making it possible for the military authority to entrust the management of its property to related organization. Besides, a special fund can be established to compensate for the loss of the people who were forced to exchange lands during the Japanese occupation of Taiwan. Moreover, the VAC (Veterans Affairs Commission, Executive Yuan, R.O.C.) can use the Fund for Veterans¡¦ Housing (°ê­x°h°£§Ð©x§L¦w¸m°òª÷) to subsidize veterans with housing problems. In this way, we can elastically solve the unauthorized-use problem, help unauthorized-user to live within the law, resolve the conflicts between the military and civilians, and promote the efficient management of land used for national defense purposes.

This thesis deals with rather comprehensive topic of unauthorized use of the copyright on the Internet. The aim of this work is to present selected specifics of the online environment as well as the challenges this environment represents from legislative point of view. Presented paper is divided into five chapters, among which first three focus on the subjected issue in general, whereas the chapter four presents modern and constantly developing cloud computing technology. Its development has given rise to multiple new challenges including the copyright. Last chapter comprises of de lege ferenda ideas regarding this issue. The aim of the first chapter is to present the specific environment of the Internet and the dangers it represents in respect of the copyright. This chapter therefore deals with the various forms of using the copyrighted work including the analysis of new and unified legal regulation of licensing in the new civil code. Chapter two describes the international protection of copyrighted work, which is crucial due to the uniqueness of the Internet, as a space that knows no boundaries. This chapter therefore analyzes the development of international cooperation as well as it gives an overview of the most significant international treaties in this area. This chapter reflects the...