<p> The National Fallout Shelter Survey and Marking Program (NFSS) was a 1961 Kennedy Administration program that, with the help of local architect and engineering companies, located public community fallout shelters in the existing built environment. The shelter spaces were marked, stocked, and mapped. Community Shelter Plans showing the location of available shelters in the area were made with the help of local and state planning personnel. These civil defense shelters were thought to be not only essential to the survival of Americans but an important part of the United States National Defense policy. The public shelters represent a unique part of America's Cold War history and the civilian Cold War experience. Though many public shelters were located in buildings constructed during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, this thesis argues that these buildings are a type of Cold War-era resource, one that is distinguished by its use and not its appearance. The thesis includes an examination of the NFSS program nationwide as well as a focused historic context of Denver, Colorado's civil defense program; an analysis of NFSS types; and a case for the preservation of public community fallout shelters.</p>

The River Bend neighborhood should be preserved as Binghampton Rural Historic District because it is a vestige of the Mormon colony of Binghampton and because it preserves part of the farming history of the Tucson basin. It reflects the pattern of both Mormon agrarian colonization and western settlement. Reminders of the original Mormon farmers exist in the form of fence lines, tree lined roads, orchards, and irrigation ditches. Unpaved, straight streets are aligned with the cardinal directions. The clustering of buildings in a comparatively large open space is characteristic of the spatial arrangement of rural Mormon landscapes. A survey of residents indicates a majority support the petition to become a historic district, but rezoning is a political process which will require the neighborhood to use a multi-faceted approach to achieve protection.

East Africa, a region in Africa south of the Sahara, is faced with many environmental and urban problems due to development and population growth impacting on the land, vegetation and wildlife. This region, at present, does not have its own trained manpower able to plan and manage the natural resources but also to minimize man's impact on these resources in order to achieve sustainable development in the region. The thesis of this study is that a regional institute of resource planning and management be established in one of the three countries in the region to meet this pressing need.

Despite a wide assortment of problems that cover a broad range of topics, from questions and doubts about its theoretical underpinnings, to a host of application difficulties, economic base analysis still figures prominently in the geographic literature. This thesis uses the Arizona Community Data Set to examine two important issues that remain unresolved or inadequately addressed in the literature. The results presented support Tiebout's hypothesis that the Keynesian macroeconomic approach, emphasizing the role of all the sectors in an economy produces more reliable multipliers estimates than Hoyt's traditional approach. Additionally, it is shown that, through disaggregation, it is possible to use the relationships between sectoral basic and nonbasic employment to produce multipliers that resemble those obtained through input-output analysis. Overall the results suggest that with the use of reliable survey data the economic base concept can still produce valuable information on the effects of an impact in a small community.

Tourism is an economic alternative to revitalise Turkey's economy. However, without good planning, it can turn out to be a big damage on natural resources of an area. Yumurtalik is a study area of this thesis. Yumurtalik is a small town (population, 3970) located on the east Mediterranean coast 74 kilometre from the fourth biggest city, Adana, of Turkey. Tourism is in beginning stage in the town, though possible boom is expected because of town's natural, historic resources and availability to all budget types. Review of literature on tourism, coastal and historic planning and our surveys indicate that integrated form of tourism that respect local landscapes as well as local culture and heritage is the most appealing way to benefit from tourism for Yumurtalik. National scale tourism is suggested. Revitalisation of Old Town and creating new attractions are proposed along with preserving natural open space along the coast.

This study tests the effects of the opportunity structure and socialization for family formation on the occupational attainment process of women in Jamaica. It shows that, the opportunity structure and socialization for family formation exert independent effects on occupational goals. However, with the exception of the net effect of type of secondary school, the effects of the opportunity structure and socialization for family formation vary with family structure. Similarly, with few exceptions, the effects of the opportunity structure on family formation also vary with family structure. / Using data from a survey of young women ages 13 to 17 and LISREL VII, a recursive linear structural model of occupational expectations is estimated. The results show that the direct effects of household size, type of secondary school and changes in the level of unemployment on occupational goals operate only in households headed by fathers. The effect of mother's education is indirect and operates only where households are headed by fathers. Where households are headed by mothers or other relatives, that is, where fathers are not present, the effects of the opportunity structure on occupational goals are indirect. / The direct effects of young women's family formation goals, specifically, the age at which they expect to have their first child and type of conjugal union, on their occupational goals are also a function of family structure. Where fathers are heads of households there is a direct link between occupational goals and the expected age at entry into motherhood. Where mothers or other relatives are heads of households, there is a direct link between occupational goals and expecting to live in married unions. / Finally, the effects of the opportunity structure on family formation goals also vary with family structure. / I recommend that policies to address family structure and community development become components of Jamaica's development plans and, that existing policies that address the structure of secondary education be enhanced. Policy makers can effect changes in goals and, ultimately in attainment and behavior, by effecting changes in major societal institutions and in community development. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 54-03, Section: A, page: 1123. / Major Professor: David F. Sly. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1993.

The purpose of this exploratory study is to empirically test the assumptions of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) on the crime of burglary. Prior burglary studies suggest that the physical environment does impact on crime rates. This work examines commercial as well as residential burglary, using both quantitative and qualitative research methods. It then takes the research one step further by dividing residential burglaries into the categories of single-family, duplex, and multifamily units. / Thirty-four independent variables were collected and empirically tested using logistic regression. The resulting data was also checked for interactions among the independent variables, something no other study has done. / A major finding of this research is that mixed land-use contributes to the risk of burglary. This finding was found in all four of the equations. Accessibility was also discovered to be significant in several models. Accessibility, as a category, examined pedestrian and automobile traffic, types of front doors, and whether the windows were obstructed. The last category supported prior studies indicating that obstructed windows increase the risk of crime. Results of this research failed to find that automobile traffic played any part in predicting crime. / Based on the findings of this work, several policy implications are presented, and several avenues of future research are discussed. The original purpose of this study was to test CPTED, and it is this author's contention that the research supports the theory. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 56-04, Section: A, page: 1536. / Major Professor: C. Ray Jeffery. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1995.

Using a mixed-method qualitative approach this dissertation examines citizen participation in urban planning in Colon, Panama from three different perspectives: long-standing, conventional institutional mechanisms for citizen participation; new 'bottom-up' efforts by emergent grassroots organizations; and 'top-down' expert-driven, 'participatory' projects devised by international development organizations and the Panamanian state. In so doing, this dissertation argues three main points. First, participation cannot be adequately assessed using the 'best-practices' models as benchmarks, as understanding participation requires a deeper analysis. 'Not-so-perfect' cases here highlight the processes of negotiation that shapes the ecology of actors involved in the participatory process. This is particularly important for the case of Colon where participation is still working under a dominant political system that has yet to reform institutional mechanisms for participation. Second, participation is complex, both token act and an effective avenue for citizens to have a voice in deciding the future of their cities, especially in practical ways, such as improving housing and access to job availability. Finally, economic globalization can partly explain participation in urban planning, yet it is still unclear if it actually changes the way in which people organize. The case of Colon demonstrates the need for a new, more dynamic, and flexible model for participation, reflecting processes that may well be occurring in many similarly smaller, less influential cities. Far from being simply co-opting, or admirably collaborative, this dissertation reveals how city planning is many things at once / acase@tulane.edu

The urban environment of the City of New Orleans is geographically landlocked between the crescent of the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain. Practically all available land for development has been saturated leaving only outlying areas for new development. In the past, traditional concentric growth, manifesting itself in the form of new peripheral development, attracted the affluent population to the suburbs leaving deteriorating inner-city neighborhoods to the poor Today, the necessity for conservation of energy and resources, a recessive economy, and priorities of historic preservation and environmental protection have created a demand for new solutions to the housing problem in New Orleans Economic and demographic research together with analysis of building types in selected neighborhoods reveals that many of the characteristics necessary to fulfill these needs are inherent in the existing buildings of uptown New Orleans. However, architectural modifications are required for the adaptive use of these structures to provide housing which meets contemporary living standards The fundamental hypothesis of this work is that changes in land use can occur while conserving urban resources through the adaptive use of the existing buildings. It is the intention of this study to demonstrate that the requirements of orderly urban growth can be accomplished through the adaptive use of existing structures. Land uses have been established which do not allow for residential growth and the expansion of facilities to meet the changing requirements of an inner-city population. The result of this investigation is a clear identification of the role of existing buildings in uptown New Orleans in the changing urban pattern of the city Established neighborhoods can accommodate the various requirements of a changing population by re-using structures which have previously served different functions. Zoning can be utilized as a major tool in modifying existing land use and control of density As an alternative to peripheral growth, the renovation and adaptive use of inner-city building stock can strengthen the city tax base, provide improved housing, alleviate transportation and energy problems by shortening trips to work, and contribute aesthetically to the scene. The quality of buildings constructed in this area provide excellent potential for recycling / acase@tulane.edu

The Next Step re-choreographs the trail system, encouraging a multiplicity of experiences while treating the city as an exhibit. This project focuses on the network's deployment in Washington, D.C. This network, empowered by digital navigational devices and blogging/chatting capabilities, forces a new dialogue between the organizational systems of recreational spaces and cities. The recreational corridor and its context are defined by perceived gradients and contrasts - determined by sensory information [sound, smell, light, temperature]. The expanded palette encourages a more dynamic and responsive network. Intersections, or nodes, whose scale and permanence has a direct relationship to the sensory contrast associated with their paths [magnitude of choice] are designed using a catalogue of programmatic-sensory specific elements that relate to the context of the paths and the definition of the node. These elements, deployed, enhance and amplify the site of the node to create a matrix of sensory atmospheres.