From a social constructionist perspective, the self of the therapist is the only tool that she takes into therapy with her. The study of the therapeutic self therefore becomes important as this impacts on the quality of therapy received by the client. This treatise explores the development of the researcher’s therapeutic self through the storying of significant learning experiences in the course of her training in counselling psychology. An analysis of the narrative reveals the substance of some of the soul tattoos that make up her therapeutic self. The study was undertaken from an action research approach, thus emphasising the investigation of the therapeutic self in the field and feeding this information back into the practice of counselling psychology in the course of the research project. The themes extracted in the analysis reveal the process of action learning and what constituted significant learning experiences for the researcher. The researcher found that certain conditions were required for the formation of soul tattoos and that merely obtaining a masters degree in counselling psychology was not sufficient preparation for the practice of counselling psychology.

Being typical of manufacturing industry currently, "islands of automation" have severely limited further productivity increases. As being gradually realised, CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) can provide opportunities for higher productivity, and CIM systems integration is the major task for achieving CIM. With reference to the background, this research project was mainly concerned with formalising flexible CIM systems integration architectures and evolving generic and flexible integration tools and methods.

Abstract not available.

As a result of the cumulative interaction of several forces the demand pressures on outdoor recreation space and facilities in North America are increasing rapidly. The forces at work are those of population growth and urbanization, rising levels of per-capita income, leisure and mobility, the use of space-consuming recreational equipment, and the rise of the tourist-recreation industry. The supply, in terms of outdoor space and amenities, with the range of requisite site facilities, is limited, and the necessity of careful planning for recreational land use becomes increasingly apparent. There are conflicts between public and private interests, between various adjacent or simultaneous uses of land for recreation, between the agencies which provide the facilities through which recreation land is used, and between recreation and non-recreation land uses. On the assumption that the forces making for these conflicting pressures will continue, the hypothesis is proposed, that regional planning should provide an optimum balance between public, private-commercial, private-collective and private-individual types of recreation site development. This basically normative approach makes necessary a descriptive survey and evaluation of the four types of agency and their respective effects on the physical, economic, legal-administrative and social background of the region in which they occur. It also requires a consideration of the public interest as a norm within which the goals of outdoor-recreation planning may be established, and an analysis of the optimizing processes which are or might be the methological basis of planning. Two basic approaches to the problem of defining the public interest are exposed: one seeking to define it substantively as a particular state of affairs; the other seeking procedural or operational conditions which will generate it. In the latter case the processes of decision-making are of prior importance in leading toward the public interest, a concept which is itself left undefined in terms of concrete value content. It appears that the conflict-resolving process must be a process of balancing or harmonizing a wide range of values, including those of initiative in decision-making as well as those of concrete results. This balancing of values is called optimizing, since no single value must be maximized at the expense of others when each has a valid claim. The survey and analysis indicate that each of the four agencies for outdoor recreation site development In North America has a valid role to play in providing recreation and other benefits, given planning direction. The public interest in regional land-use planning, therefore, lies in optimizing recreation benefits, which in turn requires an optimum balance between public, private-commercial, private-collective and private individual types of site development. The hypothesis, insofar as it implies that planning can optimize recreation land-use on the regional scale, is not valid, since, although the region seems, prima facie, to be the appropriate unit in scale, there are many publics, and many interests in outdoor recreation which transcend regional limits. A true optimum, therefore, even within a region, is more likely to be achieved by national and even international planning of recreation resources. This limited investigation could be extended by further theoretical analysis and by field research, particularly in the form of attitude and other surveys of the impact of new recreation development on local communities. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Improved techniques for forecasting land needs for urban development are required with continuing population and economic growth for the provision of adequate services at reasonable cost. Current local forecasting techniques exclude the direct measurement of land used in industrial activities and its correlation with industrial production. With continuing technological improvements in industrial processes it is likely that the relation between land and output will vary and particularly in the manufacturing industries. A review of the Petroleum Refining Industry's experience by a direct mailed questionnaire to all Lower Mainland of B.C. refiners indicated a declining importance of land in relation to output over the last two decades. Trends in refinery output, employment, and land in active use, show an increasing productivity of both land and labor. The increase in productivity of manufacturing land exceeded that of labor over the past twenty years in this industry group. A conceptual comparison was made between two types of forecast where, in one, the factor of increasing output per unit of land was excluded. The comparison was inexact since somewhat different industries were compared. However, it appeared that over a twenty-year period the exclusion of the productivity of land factor in the example could lead to significantly different results. The difference between the techniques was an indicated requirement of 1200 acres versus 600 acres in total land needed up to 1980 by the industry group. Before the factor of land productivity in manufacturing and other industries can be adequately considered changes are required in the methods of collecting statistics. These changes would enable a correlation between output, employment, population, and land within the urban area. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This study explores the effectiveness of poetry as an ancillary psychotherapeutic technique in a group counselling setting. Five adult immigrants/refugees (less than five years in Canada and who were learning English as an additional language) from Hong Kong, Iran, Guatamala, Colombia, and one Canadian Native Indian volunteered for and completed a workshop, "Settling in Canada", and participated in subsequent data collection procedures. Flanagan's (1954) Critical Incident Technique was used to discover what poetic events facilitate and what poetic events hinder the process of settling in Canada. Non—poetic events were analysed in the same fashion. Data was drawn from three sources. Two post—workshop critical incident interviews provided data from which 10 poetic and 8 non—poetic facilitating categories, and 1 poetic and 2 non—poetic hindering categories were induced. These categories were supported by workshop leader observations and by poetry produced by the participants. The results indicate that poetry used in a variety of ways facilitates exploration of and expression of feelings, increases self—esteem and confidence, promotes dialogue among workshop participants and others, expands one's definition of self, and enhances personal problem solving. The participants in the Settling in Canada workshop stated that these factors helped them settle in Canada. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

A land use management study was conducted in an area of north eastern Chitawan in central Nepal. Changes in soil properties, forest and agricultural productivity, farm management and profitability were compared among ten land use categories. The research revealed that the most intensively managed agricultural land, under annual triple crop rotations had excellent productivity with little evidence of soil deterioration (pH, organic carbon, exchangeable bases). Several soil properties (pH, base saturation, available phosphorus, compaction) under such farming systems were found to be better than those under degraded forest. The degradation of the forests, as measured by wood biomass, regeneration and soil quality was found to be widespread. A 15 to 30 percent decline in timber, fuelwood and fodder was observed between the natural and degraded forest. This removal of forest products was accompanied by changes in soil properties such as exchangeable bases, pH, compaction and exchangeable and free aluminum. Alternative land uses were evaluated using a decision making method which considered crop preferences, productivity, gross margins, resource requirements, soil quality indicators and risk factors. Data from farm interviews and from the soil study were incorporated into this micro-computer based method. The data evaluation showed that soil conserving and productive land use options were not always feasible for the small farmer because they were more risky and required more resources of irrigated land, labour and operating capital. Interesting relationships were found between soil properties, productivity, land uses and fertility inputs. The flexibility of the methodology makes this technique an attractive tool for land use decision making at the farm and village level. The mapping units used for the national Land Resource Mapping Project (LRMP) formed the basis for this study and the approach developed can therefore be applied to other areas in Nepal. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The efficacy of a rational hypnotherapeutic intervention for anxiety states and panic attacks is the focus of this research. Based on a single subject research design, the co-researcher was asked to complete pre-therapy, during and post-therapy assessments of personality, self-concept, mood states, stress and physiological symptoms. The baseline period was two weeks and therapy lasted 13 weeks. There were two weeks of post-therapy measures and finally a six-month follow-up study. The intervention was comprised of progressive relaxation, guided imagery, a cognitive restructuring and behaviour rehearsal based on an A-B-C-D-E paradigm. The subject examined her self-defeating or irrational thoughts in critical incidents and her subjective emotional behavioural and physiological reactions. She was then asked to substitute her own new more rational thoughts in the same situation. Post-therapy results from the objective tests and self-reports demonstrated significant improvement in almost all areas. Following the rational hypnotherapeutic intervention the co-researcher showed a normal personality profile, increased self-concept, improvement in mood states and a significant reduction in stress and physiological symptoms. This improvement was maintained in the six-month follow-up. Rational hypnotherapy is effective, relatively short-term and encourages the client to play an active role in finding new ways to deal effectively with problems and accept control over his/her own life. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

The complexity and turbulence of the twentieth century is reflected in the increasing size and number of government agencies, leading to overlapping responsibilities, competition, and conflict in the field of planning. Multiple jurisdictions with conflicting goals have stimulated the need for productive rather than symbolic interorganizational structures. Local land-use planning is one field where uncoordinated land-use decisions are particularly harmful to the public interest. In Canada, this planning is thought to be controlled by the local government's planning staff under the direction of elected officials. However, this belief ignores the reality of the jurisdictional independence of provincial and federal government agencies. Within a local planning area, these independent agencies are free to use their land to meet their own perceived responsibilities, regardless of local land-use policies. The varied responsibilities and objectives of land-use decision-making organizations have led to interorganizational conflict, incompatible adjacent land uses, ineffective regional plans, and missed opportunities for efficient cooperative planning. It is hypothesized that an interorganizational structure (ios) specifically designed according to theoretically-derived criteria would provide an effective mechanism for reduction of planning conflicts and promotion of cooperative local land-use planning, and would be superior to the existing reliance on ad hoc arrangements. The thesis first examines the contextual relationship between the local planner and one representative independent agency, the Department of National Defence. This is followed by case studies which illustrate both land-use conflicts and cooperative actions currently arising between two DND bases and their neighbouring communities in British Columbia. The thesis next explores the nature of interorganizational relations in terms of group dynamics, social psychology of negotiations, and interorganizational power struggles. This relationships theory is fundamental to understanding the dynamics of an ios. This theoretical understanding of interorganizational relations,, plus the practical, considerations revealed by the case studies, provide the framework for development of ios criteria. The criteria are compared against existing models of interorganizational planning and decision-making to test their validity. These criteria are used to design an ios model for local land-use planning in British Columbia. Finally, the ios model is applied to the case studies using realistic scenarios to determine its effect on interorganizational cooperation. It is shown that the ios would be much more effective at providing both opportunities and reduced risk for cooperation than does the existing situation. Organizations will make use of these opportunities whenever they will benefit from doing so. This will occur more frequently in the ios designed according to theoretically-derived criteria than otherwise. While the ios is designed for a specific situation, the criteria are soundly developed from both theory and the case studies and provide the basis for design of similar mechanisms for land-use planning anywhere in Canada. Furthermore, the understanding gained here contributes to our limited knowledge in the crucial field of interorganizational relations. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Ecological land classification refers to an integrated survey in which areas of land, as ecosystems, are classified according to their ecological unity. In Canada, the approach was first advanced, nationally, in 1969 and was termed 'Bio-physical Land Classification'. This approach, which was derived from several foreign and domestic precedents, has been employed by various independent survey organizations throughout Canada to secure an ecological data bases for resource planning and management consideration. Because coordination was lacking between these organizations, modifications of this approach have taken place independently and often have been weighted according to the investigator's personal interests or capabilities. As such, the approach currently possesses a disparate character which is difficult to define singularly. To identify the current status in methodology, Canadian works in this field were comparatively analyzed. One result which stands out prominently from the analysis is that there are multifarious forms of ecological land classification. While they tend to achieve the same results, and demonstrate numerous commonalities land ecosystems have been manifested by combinations of criteria which are not always the same. Considerable confusion surrounds the nomenclature, the criteria for definitions and the criteria for recognition. Based on the analysis, hierarchical categories eco- province, ecoregion, ecodistrict, ecosection and ecotype are proposed. These are land ecosystems which possess a common recognized identity based on a unified pattern of biological and physical land characteristics. Each category coincides with a different order of generalization. Based largely on material extracted from past studies, criteria for recognition are stated. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate