Graduation date: 1982

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of multiple ice treatments on the signs and symptoms of exercise induced muscle damage. Twenty-four women performed vigorous eccentric exercise of elbow flexors to induce muscle damage. Subjects were randomly assigned into one of three groups(control, experimental group 1, experimental group 2). Experimental groups 1 and 2 received two and six ice bag treatments respectively for two consecutive days post exercise-induced muscle damage. Dependent variables included pain perception, resting arm angle, bicep, forearm, and wrist circumferences, elbow range of motion, and plasma concentrations of creatine kinase. Baseline measurements were obtained on day one and were repeated every 24 hours post-exercise for five days. No significant differences were observed between groups. The results of this study indicate that ice bag treatments do not have any affect on signs/symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. / School of Physical Education

Recently the EPA placed Aeromonas hydrophila on the Candidate Contaminant List (CCL). It has long been known to be a pathogen of cold blooded animals and now is a suspected human opportunistic pathogen as well. Among the various virulence factors produced by A. hydrophila, the cytolytic enterotoxin (AHCYTOEN) is by far one of the most important contributors to the pathogenicity of the organism. This factor is also produced by other pathogenic Aeromonas spp. In this study, PCR technology was used to detect AHCYTOEN gene from a simulated water distribution system. A set of primers was selected to amplify the unique sequence of a pathogenic island, AHCYTOEN gene. To examine the sensitivity of the PCR, serial dilutions of pure A. hydrophila culture were tested. The PCR technique used was sensitive enough to detect samples containing less than 10.0 cells/ml. Source water, bulk water, and simulated distribution biofilm samples were examined for the gene. Biofilm and bulk water samples exposed to raw source water were collected on 4 occasions during a 24-day period. PCR technology detected the AHCYTOEN gene from 100 % of the bulk water samples and 85% of tightly bound biofilm (TB) samples from a simulated water distribution system while no positive results were observed in loosely bound biofilm samples (LB). After the inlet line of the system was changed to normally treated distribution water, 11 biofilm samples were collected on 3 occasions during 15 day sampling period along with bulk water samples. No positive results were observed from the bulk water and LB samples while 91% of TB samples tested for the presence of the gene. No significant difference was observed in detection by PCR from biofilm samples before and after the switch to chloraminated water. / Department of Biology

Evaluations have gained popularity for improving public policy measures, programmes and institutions in the field of science, technology and innovation (RTI). Though the frequency and quality of evaluations have increased, in terms of impact indicators and methodological diversification, concerns have been raised about their effectiveness to fuel change in policy making. This raises the issue of the low absorption level of evaluation findings by policy making in general and in Austria in particular. Recent research emphasises the need for a holistic perspective on the benefits and usefulness of evaluations in order to allow a more thorough consideration of complex interdependencies and effects that can occur at different levels and in different forms. While previous research has put much emphasis on the conduct of evaluations and their implementation, there are less empirical studies that address institutional or contextual explanations when it comes to the effects of evaluations. This study aims to contribute to the narrowing of this gap in the literature by investigating how individual and composite actors (such as organisations), as well as, the policy itself are affected by policy evaluations, drawing attention to the factors and mechanisms that shape evaluation effects. Making use of the concepts of "policy learning", actor-centred institutionalism and recent research in the field of evaluation utilisation for the analysis, this study developed a conceptual framework that proposes three groups of conditioning factors and mechanisms: Actors and their interactions, the institutional context, and the evaluation itself. A multiple case study approach, using evaluated programmes in the Austrian research, technology and innovation (RTI) policy scene, was employed to examine the effects of evaluations at various levels, the conditioning factors and mechanisms, as well as, the ensuing pathways of effects. Results indicate that evaluations generate a wide range of diverse effects, beyond individual learning, and clearly and visibly impact programme development. Several contextual aspects shape evaluation effects. The current structures and practices endorse evaluations as routine, which may reduce chances of broader learning, and distance the evaluation and the possibility to learn from it from an interested audience. The thesis concludes with implications for theory and practice, and suggestions for paths of future research.

A Síndrome de Martin-Bell é uma forma hereditária de retardo mental determinada pela perda da expressão do gene FMR1 que está associado com a expansão da repetição dos tri-nucleotídeos citosina-guanina¬-guanina (CGG). Os indivíduos com um alto grau dessa expansão apresentam o silenciamento da expressão desse gene, com conseqüente alteração no desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso do embrião, causando danos neurológicos irreparáveis. A citogenética é uma metodologia clássica que contribui para o diagnóstico da síndrome em casos sem esclarecimentos, porém sua sensibilidade isoladamente em muitos casos é insuficiente para um diagnóstico positivo mesmo diante de características clínicas evidentes. Na busca de uma alternativa para suprir esta necessidade de definir exatamente as alterações encontradas em cada caso propôs-se a otimização de uma PCR de alta fidelidade no diagnóstico diferencial da Síndrome e simultaneamente comparar com os dados da citogenética clássica. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras de sangue periférico de 102 pacientes e avaliou-se 100 a 150 metáfases para cada indivíduo pela citogenética clássica e para a PCR duplex. Os resultados demonstram pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis que a PCR com a citogenética não apresentou diferenças significativas (p>0,05). Porém quando avaliadados pelo índice de Kappa sugere-se que os dois critéiros de diagnósticos devem ser utilizados simultaneamente com caracteristicas clínicas do paciente. A PCR mostrou-se rápida e com custo relativamente menor, sendo portanto, aplicável no auxílio ao aconselhamento genético dos indivíduos e suas famílias, bem como para um acompanhamento psico-pedagógico adequado. / The Martin-Bell Syndrome is a heredity mental retard form determined by the loss of FMR1 gene expression which is associated with the tri-nucleotides cytosine-guanine-guanine (CGG) repetition expansion. The individuals showing a high degree of this expansion present the silencing of this gene expression, with a consequent alteration of the embryo nervous system evolution, causing irreparable neurological damage The cytogenetics is a classical methodology that contributes for diagnosing the syndrome in cases without clarification, thus its sensitivity isolated in many cases is insufficient for a positive diagnosis even in front of evident clinical characteristics. On searching for an alternative to fulfill this need to define the found alterations in each case, an optimization of a high fidelity PCR to Syndrome diagnosis and simultaneously to compare with classical cytogenetics. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 102 patients for evaluating 100 to 150 metaphases evaluation by classical cytogenetics for each sample and to duplex PCR. The results showed by the Kruskal-Wallis test that the PCR with the cytogenetics have not presented significant differences (p>0,05). However, when evaluated by the Kappa index it was suggested that the two diagnosis criteria should be used simultaneously with patient s clinical characteristics. The PCR showed itself quick and with a relatively lower cost , and in this way, applicable in helping genetically counseling individuals and their families, as well as sending them to a more adequate psycho-pedagogical treatment.

A Síndrome de Martin-Bell é uma forma hereditária de retardo mental determinada pela perda da expressão do gene FMR1 que está associado com a expansão da repetição dos tri-nucleotídeos citosina-guanina¬-guanina (CGG). Os indivíduos com um alto grau dessa expansão apresentam o silenciamento da expressão desse gene, com conseqüente alteração no desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso do embrião, causando danos neurológicos irreparáveis. A citogenética é uma metodologia clássica que contribui para o diagnóstico da síndrome em casos sem esclarecimentos, porém sua sensibilidade isoladamente em muitos casos é insuficiente para um diagnóstico positivo mesmo diante de características clínicas evidentes. Na busca de uma alternativa para suprir esta necessidade de definir exatamente as alterações encontradas em cada caso propôs-se a otimização de uma PCR de alta fidelidade no diagnóstico diferencial da Síndrome e simultaneamente comparar com os dados da citogenética clássica. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras de sangue periférico de 102 pacientes e avaliou-se 100 a 150 metáfases para cada indivíduo pela citogenética clássica e para a PCR duplex. Os resultados demonstram pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis que a PCR com a citogenética não apresentou diferenças significativas (p>0,05). Porém quando avaliadados pelo índice de Kappa sugere-se que os dois critéiros de diagnósticos devem ser utilizados simultaneamente com caracteristicas clínicas do paciente. A PCR mostrou-se rápida e com custo relativamente menor, sendo portanto, aplicável no auxílio ao aconselhamento genético dos indivíduos e suas famílias, bem como para um acompanhamento psico-pedagógico adequado. / The Martin-Bell Syndrome is a heredity mental retard form determined by the loss of FMR1 gene expression which is associated with the tri-nucleotides cytosine-guanine-guanine (CGG) repetition expansion. The individuals showing a high degree of this expansion present the silencing of this gene expression, with a consequent alteration of the embryo nervous system evolution, causing irreparable neurological damage The cytogenetics is a classical methodology that contributes for diagnosing the syndrome in cases without clarification, thus its sensitivity isolated in many cases is insufficient for a positive diagnosis even in front of evident clinical characteristics. On searching for an alternative to fulfill this need to define the found alterations in each case, an optimization of a high fidelity PCR to Syndrome diagnosis and simultaneously to compare with classical cytogenetics. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 102 patients for evaluating 100 to 150 metaphases evaluation by classical cytogenetics for each sample and to duplex PCR. The results showed by the Kruskal-Wallis test that the PCR with the cytogenetics have not presented significant differences (p>0,05). However, when evaluated by the Kappa index it was suggested that the two diagnosis criteria should be used simultaneously with patient s clinical characteristics. The PCR showed itself quick and with a relatively lower cost , and in this way, applicable in helping genetically counseling individuals and their families, as well as sending them to a more adequate psycho-pedagogical treatment.

O potencial farmacológico de espécies do gênero Lippia no tratamento de infecções é conhecido popularmente, assim foi considerado o estudo da atividade da Lippia salviaefolia nativa do cerrado brasileiro. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de Lippia salviaefolia Cham. e sua citotoxicidade, visando aplicação como conservante natural em formulações cosméticas. O ensaio antimicrobiano foi realizado através do método de difusão em placa e determinação do CMI por de microdiluição em microplacas, utilizando os microrganismos: P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, S. aureus ATCC 6538, E. coli ATCC 8739, C. albicans ATCC 10231. Desenvolveu-se e avaliou-se a estabilidade acelerada de cremes, geis e xampus contendo o extrato de Lippia salviaefolia. As formulações de melhor desempenho quanto à estabilidade foram submetidas ao teste de eficácia de conservante. Avaliou-se segurança das formulações in vitro, em substituto cutâneo dermo-epidérmico por meio de estudos histológicos e o teste de citotoxicidade em cultura de queratinócitos humanos. No teste de atividade antimicrobiana verificou-se que a fração de acetato de etila e a fração de clorofórmio foram frações mais ativas com CMI de 0,2 % para bactérias e fungos. Os testes de eficácia de conservante das formulações contendo fr. ac. etila de L. salviaefolia apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana para bactérias e C. albicans em creme, gel e xampu, para A. niger apresentaram atividade adequada somente em xampu. No teste de citoxicidade foi verificado segurança em concentrações a partir de 0,05 %. Sendo que na concentração de 0,2 %, correspondente ao CMI, se atinge a faixa de segurança apenas com meia hora de contato. Os resultados sugerem que a fração de acetato de etila da Lippia salviaefolia Cham. pode ser utilizada como conservante natural em produtos cosméticos. / The pharmacological potential of species of the Lippia in the treatment of infections has been known popularly, thus was considered the study of the activity of the native salviaefolia Lippia of the Brazilian Cerrado. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of extracts of Lippia salviaefolia Cham. and its citotoxicy aiming the application as natural preservative in cosmetic formulations. The assay antimicrobial was carried through the method of diffusion in plate and determination of the MIC by microdilution, having used the microorganisms: P.aeruginosa ATCC 9027, S. aureus ATCC 6538, E. coli ATCC 8739, C. albicans ATCC 10231. It has developed and evaluated the stability of creams, gels and xampus with the extract of Lippia salviaefolia Cham. The formulations of the best stability performance have submitted to preservative efficacy test. The safe of the formulations has histological evaluated by in vitro. In the test of antimicrobial activity it has verified that the ethyl acetate and the chloroform fraction have been the most active and with CMI of 0.2 % for bacteria and fungus. The tests of effectiveness of preservatives have showed of the formulations contend the ethyl acetate fraction presented antimicrobial activity for bacteria and C. albican in cream, gel and shampoo. On the other hand, against A.niger it has been suitable activity in shampoo. In the citotoxity test, the 0,05 % ethyl acetate fraction has presented interval of security. And in the concentration of 0,2%, corresponding to CMI, safety\'s strip is just reached with half hour of contact. The results have suggested that the ethyl acetate extract of the Lippia salviaefolia Cham. should be used as natural preservative in cosmetic products.

O potencial farmacológico de espécies do gênero Lippia no tratamento de infecções é conhecido popularmente, assim foi considerado o estudo da atividade da Lippia salviaefolia nativa do cerrado brasileiro. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de Lippia salviaefolia Cham. e sua citotoxicidade, visando aplicação como conservante natural em formulações cosméticas. O ensaio antimicrobiano foi realizado através do método de difusão em placa e determinação do CMI por de microdiluição em microplacas, utilizando os microrganismos: P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, S. aureus ATCC 6538, E. coli ATCC 8739, C. albicans ATCC 10231. Desenvolveu-se e avaliou-se a estabilidade acelerada de cremes, geis e xampus contendo o extrato de Lippia salviaefolia. As formulações de melhor desempenho quanto à estabilidade foram submetidas ao teste de eficácia de conservante. Avaliou-se segurança das formulações in vitro, em substituto cutâneo dermo-epidérmico por meio de estudos histológicos e o teste de citotoxicidade em cultura de queratinócitos humanos. No teste de atividade antimicrobiana verificou-se que a fração de acetato de etila e a fração de clorofórmio foram frações mais ativas com CMI de 0,2 % para bactérias e fungos. Os testes de eficácia de conservante das formulações contendo fr. ac. etila de L. salviaefolia apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana para bactérias e C. albicans em creme, gel e xampu, para A. niger apresentaram atividade adequada somente em xampu. No teste de citoxicidade foi verificado segurança em concentrações a partir de 0,05 %. Sendo que na concentração de 0,2 %, correspondente ao CMI, se atinge a faixa de segurança apenas com meia hora de contato. Os resultados sugerem que a fração de acetato de etila da Lippia salviaefolia Cham. pode ser utilizada como conservante natural em produtos cosméticos. / The pharmacological potential of species of the Lippia in the treatment of infections has been known popularly, thus was considered the study of the activity of the native salviaefolia Lippia of the Brazilian Cerrado. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of extracts of Lippia salviaefolia Cham. and its citotoxicy aiming the application as natural preservative in cosmetic formulations. The assay antimicrobial was carried through the method of diffusion in plate and determination of the MIC by microdilution, having used the microorganisms: P.aeruginosa ATCC 9027, S. aureus ATCC 6538, E. coli ATCC 8739, C. albicans ATCC 10231. It has developed and evaluated the stability of creams, gels and xampus with the extract of Lippia salviaefolia Cham. The formulations of the best stability performance have submitted to preservative efficacy test. The safe of the formulations has histological evaluated by in vitro. In the test of antimicrobial activity it has verified that the ethyl acetate and the chloroform fraction have been the most active and with CMI of 0.2 % for bacteria and fungus. The tests of effectiveness of preservatives have showed of the formulations contend the ethyl acetate fraction presented antimicrobial activity for bacteria and C. albican in cream, gel and shampoo. On the other hand, against A.niger it has been suitable activity in shampoo. In the citotoxity test, the 0,05 % ethyl acetate fraction has presented interval of security. And in the concentration of 0,2%, corresponding to CMI, safety\'s strip is just reached with half hour of contact. The results have suggested that the ethyl acetate extract of the Lippia salviaefolia Cham. should be used as natural preservative in cosmetic products.

台北市自民國72年起，公佈實施土地使用分區管制規則以來，至今已十幾年，但對於住宅區之環境品質並無明顯改善，反而突顯實施土地使用分區之分組及允許使用組別的問題，究其原因，是法規制定太偏於混合使用及允許使用組別太多。尤其附條件允許組別更為嚴重，幾乎與商業區差不多，而其中產生一些行業別與住宅不相容的情形。 有鑑於此，本研究乃期望透過混合使用相關研究回顧遴選出適當之評估指標項目，再收集專家學者對評估指標之意見，進行修正所遴選之評估指標，作為混合使用環境品質之評估基礎。在其中發現混合使用評估指標相對權重以「守望相助與警衛」權重最大、其次是「購物方便性」、第三為「餐飲方便性」。而「垃圾收集」與「污水排放問題」之小指標相對權重較小。由此不難理解，在專家的觀念裡混合使用之居住環境需以居住安全性之「守望相助與警衛」為第一考量，然後才能考慮混合使用生活之便利性。 由以上所建構之評估指標，經收集居民的意見與專家之賦予權重之後，經整理計算後，所得到評估指數正負得知，混合使用環境品質評估指標中以「寧便居住環境」、「公共安全」之指數呈現正值，而「環境污染公害」為負值，將其大指標之指數加總，發現總值為正數，得知混合使用之居住環境可能是好處多於壞處。 得知評估指標之指數大小之後，筆者再建立相容性行業別操作方式，進行計算行業別之評估指數大小，並建立數學模式，發現行業別之指數總和越大，代表居民與專家愈能接受該行業。負面值越大表示排斥性越大。同時可理解相容性越高之行業對環境影響越少，且對生活機能幫助越大。進而可透過行業別之排序，依混合使用環境品質需求，再訂定不同混合標準，以塑造不同等級之居住環境。 另在新、舊地區之實證過程中得知；混合使用的行業會因道路寬度、區位而有不同混合比例，其中立體混合也與平面混合成正相關。而從實際新、舊地區之業種調查發現，在大安區之業種是屬於都市型，而在萬華區之業種是屬於鄰里型。 綜合言之；本研究透過相關理論回顧與分析，所建立住宅區土地混合使用之評估指標，作為相容性之行業別判斷依據。在其中發現行業別之相容性，可依本研究所擬之評估指標判斷業別對居住環境的影響情形，同時可透指數分析再訂定業種相容性標準，而進行衡量評估指標與行業別之相關性計算。尤其在行業別設立時，將可能對住宅使用產生正面或負面影響情形，以指標的方式表達；如行業別是否產生噪音振動、垃圾處理方式、停車問題、空氣污染..等等問題，儘可能再設有評估標準。待相容性行業別執行一段時間後，依執行情形來修正評估標準，以利後續土地混合使用業種相容性之參考。 / Since the announcement and execution of the Zoning Act of Taipei Metropolitan in 1983, there is no obvious improvement on the living quality in the residential areas. Conversely, there are some issues on the usage classification and permitted usage categories. After further research, it’s found that the Zoning Act biased on the mixed-use, which permitted too much usage in one category. The most serious one was the permitted usage in its appendix, which made the usage of residential area almost the same as the commercial area. After researching on the related documents on mixed-use, the study emerged the appropriate evaluation indicators. Then collecting the experts’ comments, the study modified evaluation indicators accordingly, which formed the bases of environmental evaluation of mixed-use. In between, the relative importance of top three indicators was ranked as “residents’ mutual help and guard”, “shopping convenience” and “dinning convenience”. Both “trash collection” and “waste water manipulation” were less concerned. It understandable that in experts’ concepts, the residential safety was the first consideration then the living convenience. Based on the above evaluation indicators and collected comments from the residents and experts, the study came out the positive and negative values of evaluation indicators. The “quiescence and convenience of living environment” and “public safety” were positive value but “environmental pollution” was negative value. Summing up the big indicators, the value was positive which meant people possibly evaluated highly on the mixed-use in the residential environment. Understanding the importance of indicators, the study rebuilt the operation model for compatible businesses, which calculated the values of business evaluation indicators and built mathematical model. Then the study found out that the greater positive values of summed up indicators, the more representative residents and experts accepted the business. The greater the negative value, the more exclusivity represented. More compatible businesses would less impact the environment but enhance the living functionality. Ranking the business sequences according to the needs of environmental quality in mixed-use, we could build up different grades of living environments by setting up different mixed-use standards. It was proven from the study on the new and old residential areas that the mixed-use ratio of businesses would be differed by the width of road and location in which vertical and horizontal mixed-use are positively related. From the field study, the businesses in Ta-An district belonged to the metropolitan type but those in Wan-Hua district belonged to the tithing type. In summary, the study went through the review and analysis of related thesis then built the evaluation indicators for mixed-use in residential area, which in turn were the bases to identify the businesses compatibility. Utilizing the evaluation indicators, we could identify the business compatibility and its impact on the living environment. Simultaneously, through indicator analysis, new business compatibility could be redefined and evaluate the relationship between evaluation indicators and business relativity. Especially for the business category, which would heavily impact the environment, the indicators could be identified as, e.g., voice and vibration pollution, trash manipulation, parking issue, air pollution...which needed more evaluation standards. After some time of execution, the results could be used to modify the evaluation standard, which would be the reference for the succeeding study of land mixed-use.