Afforestation and reforestation programs utilizing available fields for biofuel production, carbon sequestration, and other uses linked to climate change are looking to tree physiologists to identify species and genotypes best-suited to their purposes. The ideal poplar genotype for use in Canadian programs would be drought-resistant, cold-climate adapted, and fast-growing, thus requiring an understanding of links between a variety of physiological traits linked to growth and productivity. This study examined the basis for variations in water-use efficiency within four selected populations of Populus trichocarpa and Populus balsamifera (2 provenances each). Each species included both a northern and a southern provenance. Correlations between water-use efficiency, nitrogen-use efficiency, ¹³C/¹²C isotope ratio, stomatal conductance, and overall productivity were evaluated. Gas exchange variables measured included net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO₂ content. Water-use efficiency and ¹³C content across all genotypes were highly correlated. Results suggested that variation in water-use efficiency was primarily related to variation in stomatal conductance across all genotypes. Whereas differences in net photosynthesis in this study were not significant between species, P. balsamifera did reveal a higher average stem volume overall. Although variation in stomatal conductance was the major determinant of differences in water-use efficiency, positive correlations were found between ¹³C isotope abundance and net photosynthesis in both P. balsamifera provenances. In this regard, results for the northern P. balsamifera provenance are the most consistent across all gas-exchange and growth trait correlations, in terms of meeting expectations for sink-driven water-use efficiency. The findings in this study suggest the possibility of identifying poplar genotypes with an absence of trade-off between water-use efficiency and nitrogen-use efficiency, notably among genotypes from the northern P. balsamifera provenance, near Gillam. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

This thesis examines the use of mathematical models in astracting real world land use systems. The purpose of the study was to determine what types of decision models are available, whether they can be adapted to land use allocation problems, and which is most suitable for use in land use planning. Since planning was felt to be a means to satisfying or maximizing public welfare, the criterion used for model selection was the degree to which the model could aid in seeking land use policies which would be optimal in the sense of maximizing some measure of social welfare. Using this criterion, a form of linear programming which allows for several concurrent goals in the objective function was felt to be the best model structure available to land use planners today. This model structure was then used to construct a land use model for the City and District of Langley in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia. The purpose of constructing the model was to illustrate the potential usefulness of this type of model for decision making in the land use field. This was done by showing how the various aspects of the real world land use system could be incorporated into the model and how the model could then be used to find land use patterns which would maximize a measure of social welfare. After a discussion of model results, possible further refinements and study were suggested and discussed. It was felt that the model structure chosen was well suited to the land use planning field and offered much promise as a potential planning tool. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Throughout most of the populated areas of North America, the phenomena of urbanization continues at a rapid pace. As urban centers grow in population they are also expanding in areal extent, and as a result, are coalescing both in form and functional interrelationships. Increased mobility on behalf of the individual and the growing functional inter-dependencies of expanding metropolitan areas will result in a demand for additional urban and regional transportation facilities. The basic problem then, which this thesis investigates is how to acquire corridors of land through rural, urbanizing, and urban regions which will accommodate these transportation facilities, while at the same time compatibly integrating the different modes with the surrounding land uses. As a solution to this problem, it is hypothesized that in order to compatibly integrate transportation facilities with land use in the urban and regional context, the transportation corridor concept should be adopted. The concept is defined in Chapter 1 as a linear parcel of land, of varying width, forming a passageway to accommodate different modes of ground transportation. Included in the definition is the three-dimensional aspect of the corridor which provides for multiple development, including air rights. The overriding functions to be performed by the transportation corridor are as a channel for the interregional movement of goods and people and as a potential instrument in the hands of planners to influence the form of future regional development. The Northeast Corridor from Boston to Washington, and Mississauga, the linear urban area along the northwest end of Lake Ontario, are cited as examples of emerging population and transportation corridors in differing degrees of development. To aid in the acquisition of land for corridors and to assist in the compatible integration of transportation facilities with the surrounding land use, it is proposed that a comprehensive approach to the problem be undertaken by creating a design concept team. Members of this multiple-disciplinary team would represent the various social, aesthetic, economic and political aspects of land use relative to the corridor. The corridor concept involves the integration of transportation facilities with such dissimilar land uses as urban renewal, parks and recreation areas. The methods of investigation undertaken include a review of land use regulation devices used in the United States. Devices such as highways plans, zoning, tax concessions, and subdivision control are considered as a means of regulating land use to keep land in open space for future acquisition as corridors. The investigation of a range of land acquisition techniques is also undertaken and includes the following: acquisition and resale with use restrictions, acquisition and lease with use restrictions, compensatory regulations, conservation easements, and, installment purchase with concurrent use restrictions. Chapter II concludes with a discussion of the possibilities of establishing a land bank. Canadian expropriation powers relating to the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government are investigated in Chapter III. Municipal planning powers and the contribution they can make toward regulating and acquiring land for corridor use, is also described. Through the coordination of governmental powers at the three levels, it was found that both land acquisition and its financing, for transportation corridors, could be undertaken. The road building and financial responsibilities of the three governmental levels are assessed, and particular attention is given to the successful financial arrangements agreed to by the federal and provincial governments under The Trans-Canada Highway Act. This Act was instrumental in providing for joint federal - provincial participation in the construction and financing of the Trans-Canada Highway which was officially completed in 1962. It is concluded from the investigation that the concept of transportation corridors, as outlined in the thesis is basically valid and therefore is capable of being developed. For the compatible integration of transportation facilities with the surrounding land uses, it is resolved that a comprehensive planning approach be undertaken by the creation of a multiple-disciplinary team. This team would attempt to resolve a variety of conflicts which may arise. Through the coordination of constitutional powers it was found that a method of acquiring land for corridors could be developed. However, due to the successful experience of the Trans-Canada Highway Act, new legislation is proposed as a superior alternative to the intergovernmental coordination of powers. It is concluded that the financial and constitutional arrangements utilized in the Trans-Canada Highway Act agreements, because they have been historically successful, provide a sound foundation upon which to base the new legislation which provides for federal financial assistance in acquiring land for transportation corridors. Complementing the legislation is the proposal to create a provincial administrative framework to coordinate the finances and the acquisition of land required for the successful development of the transportation corridor concept. As a second alternative it is proposed that a crown corporation be created to provide financial assistance to provinces and municipalities. It is deduced that crown corporations have achieved a wide degree of acceptance in the Canadian economy, and that the creation of another to aid financially in land acquisition programs for transportation corridors, provides a viable alternative to the proposal for new legislation. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

An in vitro IgG secretion assay was developed to investigate the regulation of the humoral immune response in humans. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM), a plant lectin derived from Phytolacca americana stimulates human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) to divide and resting B-lymphocytes to differentiate into immunoglobulin secreting cells (ISC). This differentiation requires that both monocytes and T-lymphocytes be present in the culture system. The amount of IgG secreted by these differentiated B-lymphocytes in response to PWM appears to be the net result of a balance between the functional activity of the regulatory T-helper and T-suppressor cells. Alterations, qualitative or quantitative in any of these leukocyte subsets could conceivably alter the amount of IgG secreted by the B-lymphocyte subpopulation. We have employed this assay to investigate the immune status in a group of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and to assess the immunoregulatory effects of interferon (Wellferon R, INF) administered in vivo to this selected group. Their mononuclear cells (MNC) were studied in this PWM induced IgG secretion assay before INF treatment and again after 7 days of daily sub-cutaneous injections (5 X 10⁶ u/day). Twenty patients received the interferon (INF) preparation and eighteen received normal saline. The study was carried out in a double blind manner and the code was broken only after individual results had been calculated. / Medicine, Faculty of / Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of / Graduate

The increasing incidence of disseminated (invasive) candidiasis is probably attributable to iatrogenic factors and to improved pre and postmortem evaluation. Premortem diagnosis of such infections have seldom been made early enough for successful treatment. In order to increase the likelihood of successful antifungal chemotherapy, rapid diagnosis of such infections is vital. However, present diagnostic procedures for invasive candidiasis are insensitive and often do not reliably differentiate superficial from invasive infections. This study was undertaken to produce DNA probes and to optimize conditions for rapid and efficient detection of Candida DNA. Seven random Candida albicans DNA fragments (2-7 kbp) were cloned into plasmid pACYC 184. These recombinant plasmids were labeled with either ³²p or biotin and used as probes. Two of the four recombinant plasmids tested were genus specific. The other two were slightly cross reactive with other yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula anomala). Probes labeled with ³²p were twice as sensitive as the biotin probes. One ³²p labelled recombinant (#66) detected 7 Pg of target DNA , which corresponds to approximately 2 X 10⁵ C.albicans cells. With refined simple DNA extraction procedures for C.albicans (in serum), these recombinant probes could possibly be suitable for clinical application. / Medicine, Faculty of / Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of / Graduate

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Access to quality healthcare in South Africa is known to be unequal, with those who can afford it, receiving the best quality healthcare services in the private sector, and those who cannot afford it, having to receive healthcare in the public sector. The South African government is implementing the National Health Insurance to remove unequal access to healthcare services. However, the aim of this study is to evaluate the current usage of medicine.

The Casas Grandes Valley is located in the northwestern corner of the modern state of Chihuahua, Mexico. This area falls into the greater Northwest/Southwest cultural region. Research conducted on Casas Grandes ceramics up to this point has focused on form and design in connection with burials, authority, sociopolitical organization, ceremony and ritual, communication, and identifying cultural boundaries and influences. Very little has been said about some of the everyday uses of Casas Grandes ceramics. My thesis explores the evidences of use on ceramic vessels in the Casas Grandes region during the Medio period (AD 1200-1450). I conducted a use-alteration analysis on the interiors and exteriors of 300 vessels. The purpose of this study was to examine the question: how were the vessels used by the people of Casas Grandes? These analyses suggest that the vessels were typically used for separate but not altogether distinct use activities. All vessels had some evidences of wear, regardless of vessel form, size, or decoration. The general use patterns followed some intended functional categories, with enough variety to suggest vessels were also used according to individual needs.

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Objectives: To show forgiveness to be a central component in substance abuse and recovery and to encourage the empirical investigation of such realtionships. Methods: Literature reviewed and synthesized to support the role of forgiveness in addiction and recovery and to justify its empirical investigation. Results: The construct and process of forgiveness are present in 12-Step Facilitation Therapy, Motivational Enhancement Therapy, and Cognitive Behavioral Coping Skills Therapy, and other psychotherapies applicable to the treatment of substance abuse. Nevertheless, few studies exist to provide empirical support for these relationships. Conclusions: Religion and spirituality can have a salutary effect on substance use disorders. However, little is known regarding the effects of specific manifestations of religiosity and spirituality. Forgiveness, decreasing negative responses to offense irrespective of interaction with the offender, has been argued to be highly relevant to problematic substance use. Although the process of forgiveness is conceptually found in empirically validated forms of treatment for alcohol problems, little quantitative evidence exists to verify and illuminate the relationships between forgiveness and substance abuse. Empirical investigation into the basic, indirect, contextual, and interventional relationships between forgiveness and substance use disorders, including development, maintenance, and recovery, is warranted and encouraged.