Trace amounts of germanium is determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry by utilizing the vaporization of germanium tetrachloride. Using a continuous flow reactor, sample solution is mixed with concentrated hydrochloric acid and heated to 80&ordm / C to form volatile germanium tetrachloride which can be subsequently sent to N2O-C2H2 flame AAS. The necessary conditions for the volatilization of germanium tetrachloride are investigated in detail and the applicability of the method for the determination of trace amounts of germanium in real samples and standard reference materials are presented. Detection limit of the method, based on 3s, was 0.034 ng mL-1 using a sample of 1 mL. The precision was 0.3 %, expressed as the relative standard deviation for a germanium concentration of 1 ng mL-1. Owing to the high selectivity of the proposed method, no interference effect was observed.

Hydride generation technique is frequently used for the detection of elements as As, Se, Sb, Sn, Bi, Ge, Te and Pb that form volatile hydrides in solution using a reductant. In this study, a novel quartz trap for on-line preconcentration of volatile analyte species was designed. Pb, Sb and Cd were selected as analyte elements and chemical vapour generation technique was employed for generation of their volatile species in flow systems. The trapping medium was formed by external heating of either the inlet arm of the quartz tube atomizer or a separate cylindirical quartz tube. Generated analyte species were trapped on quartz surface heated to the collection temperature and the collected species were revolatilized when the trap was heated further to releasing temperature and hydrogen gas was introduced in the trapping medium. The conventional quartz T-tube and multiple microflame quartz tube were employed as atomizers. The influence of relevant experimental parameters on the generation, collection and revolatilization efficiencies was investigated. Optimum conditions, performance characteristics of the trap and analytical figures of merit are presented. Experimental design was used for optimizations in some cases. Standard reference materials were analyzed to assess the accuracy of the proposed method. For a collection period of 1.0 minute for Pb, 2.0 minutes for Sb and 3.0 minutes for Cd, 3&amp / #963 / limit of detections, in pg ml-1, were 19, 3.9 and 1.8, respectively. In cases of Sb and Cd, the limits of detections obtained are the same as the best attained with in-situ trapping in graphite furnaces.

A method for determination of silver has been developed based on chemical vapour generation atomic absorption spectrometry (CVGAAS). Volatile species of silver in acidified medium were generated by the reduction of sodium tetrahydroborate / these species were sent to a flame-heated quartz tube atomizer (QTA) following isolation by using a gas-liquid separator. Flow injection (FI) was used for sample introduction. Optimization of parameters such as / concentrations of acid and NaBH4 concentration, flow rates of solutions and carrier gas were made. The influences of the well-known chemical modifier, Pd, and the effect of diethyldithiocarbomate (DDTC) were also examined. Interference study has been carried out for Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), Au(III), As(III), Pb(II), Se(IV) and Sn(II) . A detection limit of 7.5 ng mL-1 (n=11) was obtained with a 0.2 mL sample volume. With the FI-CVGAAS system 5.6 times sensitivity enhancement was achieved over flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-23T13:20:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Reinaldo Barbour.pdf: 2131091 bytes, checksum: fef4104ccf14d81c3839e70680e1f9cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-23T13:20:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reinaldo Barbour.pdf: 2131091 bytes, checksum: fef4104ccf14d81c3839e70680e1f9cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Foram avaliados os desempenhos de três métodos analíticos baseados em: (I) espectrometria de absorção atômica com geração de vapor frio/hidretos por injeção de fluxo (FI-HG-AAS); (II) espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado com geração de vapor frio/hidretos em modo contínuo (HG-ICP OES) e, (III) espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado com introdução da amostra por nebulização pneumática (PN-ICP OES) para determinação de As e Hg em amostras de ácido sulfúrico. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os três métodos avaliados podem ser utilizados para a determinação de As e Hg em ácido sulfúrico, com maior vantagem para o método (I), levando em conta o LOQ e o custo da analise. Os outros dois métodos possuem as vantagens da determinação simultânea dos dois analitos, a eliminação da etapa de préredução do arsênio e redução de dez vezes no volume final da amostra em relação ao método (I).O método (III) é a único que não utiliza geração de vapor frio/hidretos e portanto não consome NaBH4. Os limites de detecção para As e Hg, calculados como 3 vezes os desvios padrão do branco para os três métodos foram: método (I) As 0,07 e Hg 0,09 µg L-1; método (II) As 0,30 e Hg 0,18 µg L-1 e método (III) As 5 e Hg 3 µg L-1. Os desvios padrão relativos, RSD, para os três métodos foram, respectivamente, As 1,8 (5,0 µg L-1); 1,5 (50 µg L-1); 4,0 (50 µg L-1) e Hg 3,1 (5,0 µg L-1); 4,3 (5,0 µg L-1); 4,3 (5,0 µg L-1). As concentrações do NaBH4 utilizadas nos métodos FI-HG-AAS e HG-ICP OES, foram respectivamente, 0,05 e 1,5 % m v-1. / Salvador