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Este trabalho pretende realizar uma leitura da música caipira, de seus componentes e de sua principal porta-voz: a viola caipira, aqui abordada sob o ponto de vista de sua história social e musical. Nessa reflexão questionaremos alguns conceitos, já elaborados por outros autores, sobre a música caipira e sua relação com o mercado fonográfico. Para isso, nosso olhar se debruçará sobre o homem do campo do Centro-Sudeste do Brasil o caipira, a maneira como era entendido aos olhos da urbanidade e o intenso processo migratório para a grande São Paulo entre o início do século XX e os anos 1970. Ao deixarem seus locais de origem, esses migrantes entraram em um processo de perda de raízes, que chamamos desenraizamento. Por uma série de razões aqui abordadas, essas populações foram compondo as periferias das grandes cidades e sua cultura foi sendo tratada como algo menor, não canônico. Um dos aspectos da cultura dos caipiras é sua expressão musical, que teve como base poemática o romance, o contar uma história. Nessas narrativas musicais, sempre ligadas ao universo da oralidade, registraram fonograficamente a sua saga e transmitiram seus valores de vida. Pelas ondas do rádio a história dos caipiras se fez conhecida por todos fato raro num país onde é contada sempre a história dos vencedores. A radiodifusão da música caipira atuou como um fator de reenraizamento sobre os migrantes preservando seus valores e mantendo a sua história. No intuito de confirmação dessas idéias, foram realizadas entrevistas com migrantes de modo a colher suas impressões acerca da perda e aquisição de novos valores / This work intends to perform a reading of caipira music, its components and its main representative: the brazilian ten-string guitar, here approached from the standpoint of its social and musical history. In this consideration we will question some concepts, which have already been developed by other writers, on country music and its relationship to the phonographic market. For this, our eyes will be addressed to the peasant of Central-southeastern Brazil - the caipira, the way it was understood in the eyes of urbanity and the intense migratory process to Sao Paulo city and surroundings in the early twentieth century and in the 1970s. Upon leaving their places of origin, these migrants have entered a process of loss of roots, which we call uprooting. For a variety of reasons discussed here, these people were composing the suburbs of large cities and their culture was being treated as something smaller, non canonical. One aspect of peasant culture is its music expression, which had as poematic base romance, the story telling. In these musical narratives, always connected to the orality world, they recorded phonographically their saga and passed on their values of life. Through the radio waves the caipira history became known to all - a rare event in a country where only the winners history is told. The broadcasting of caipira music served as a factor re-rooting on migrants retaining their values and preserving their history. In order to confirm these ideas, we conducted interviews with migrants in order to collect their impressions about the loss and acquisition of new values

[Truncated abstract] Various capabilities such as the ability to read or conduct a conversation rely on our ability to maintain and recall information in the correct order. Research spanning more than a century has been devoted to understanding how units of information are retained in order in short-term memory. The nature of the mechanisms that code the positions of items in serial short-term verbal recall can be investigated by examining a set of phenomena that can be termed temporal grouping effects. Inserting extended pauses to break a list of verbal items into sub-lists (e.g. SHD-QNR-BJF, where the dashes represents the pauses) improves the accuracy of serial recall relative to performance observed without this temporal grouping. In addition, two other effects are linked to temporal grouping. One of these effects is a shift in the shape of the serial position function, which changes from a single bowed function to a multiple-bowed function. That is, the serial position curve for ungrouped sequences is typically characterized by better performance for the beginning and ending items compared to the mid-list items. For grouped lists, the multiple-bowed function comprises better recall for the beginning and ending items within each group. Another effect associated with temporal grouping is a change in the patterns of order errors. For ungrouped sequences (e.g. SHDQNRBJF), order errors often involve the swapping of items in neighbouring positions, such as exchanging D for Q or R for B. By contrast, grouped sequences (such as SHD-QNR-BJF) show a reduction in order errors that cross group boundaries such as exchanging items D and Q or R and B; instead, there tend to be an increased incidence of exchanging items that share similar within-group positions such as swapping H and N or Q and B. According to several current models of short-term memory, items are retained by associating them with extra-list information such as contextual information. ... This was done by unconfounding temporal position (time from group onset) and ordinal position (number of items from group onset) for certain key items in sequences comprising two groups of four consonants. The critical manipulation was to vary the SOAs within and across the two groups. Errors that involve items migrating across groups should preserve within-group temporal position according to oscillator models, but should preserve within-group ordinal position according to non-oscillator models. Results from the intergroup errors strongly favored preservation of ordinal rather than temporal position. Finally, the Appendix reports an unpublished experiment that examined patterns of errors in recalling sequences of nine visually presented letters, where the letters were grouped into threes using temporal gaps. A critical manipulation was the insertion of a tobe- ignored item (an asterisk) between the first and second letters of selected groups. Inclusion of this item failed to alter the patterns of errors observed, indicating that the coding of serial position is based on only those events represented for recall. The central conclusion based on all the studies is that serial order for verbal items is retained using contextual positional codes that change with each presentation of a tobe- remembered item, are influenced by large temporal gaps that lead to grouping, but otherwise are not dependent on the timing of events.

A series of 5 experiments investigated whether false memory in associated word lists present with serial position effects (SPE) and how any such effects behave in response to manipulations of true recall SPE. Recall for a series of events is typified by SPE such that items nearer the beginning, primacy effect, and end, recency effect, of a series are remembered better than middle items. Recall is also typified by the intrusion of falsely remembered information. Word-lists segmented into trimesters of either semantically (e.g., hot, snow, warm.../ bed, rest, awake.../ looking, lens, shatter...) or phonologically (e.g., code, called, fold.../ sweep, sleet, steep.../ class, grass, glad...) associated words produced false recall (e.g., cold, sleep, glass), allowing for the simultaneous investigation of SPE for true and false recall. Typical SPE for true recall were observed for each of the five Experiments. For immediate free recall, semantic false recall declined from early to late study trimesters whereas phonological false recall displayed a false primacy and recency effect similar to true recall SPE. Phonological false recall was significantly reduced when a 15 second distractor task was implemented during the retention interval. Dividing attention during study using a concurrent handwriting task reduced true recall whereas semantic false recall increased at primacy and phonological false recall increased at recency. This suggests distinct processes underlying the two forms of false recall. Dividing attention using an articulatory suppression task produced less true recall and less false recall than using concurrent handwriting. This research indicates that false recall SPE exist and that the semantic and phonological forms of false recall SPE are distinct. Current theories of false memory and of true recall SPE are considered.

A series of 5 experiments investigated whether false memory in associated word lists present with serial position effects (SPE) and how any such effects behave in response to manipulations of true recall SPE. Recall for a series of events is typified by SPE such that items nearer the beginning, primacy effect, and end, recency effect, of a series are remembered better than middle items. Recall is also typified by the intrusion of falsely remembered information. Word-lists segmented into trimesters of either semantically (e.g., hot, snow, warm.../ bed, rest, awake.../ looking, lens, shatter...) or phonologically (e.g., code, called, fold.../ sweep, sleet, steep.../ class, grass, glad...) associated words produced false recall (e.g., cold, sleep, glass), allowing for the simultaneous investigation of SPE for true and false recall. Typical SPE for true recall were observed for each of the five Experiments. For immediate free recall, semantic false recall declined from early to late study trimesters whereas phonological false recall displayed a false primacy and recency effect similar to true recall SPE. Phonological false recall was significantly reduced when a 15 second distractor task was implemented during the retention interval. Dividing attention during study using a concurrent handwriting task reduced true recall whereas semantic false recall increased at primacy and phonological false recall increased at recency. This suggests distinct processes underlying the two forms of false recall. Dividing attention using an articulatory suppression task produced less true recall and less false recall than using concurrent handwriting. This research indicates that false recall SPE exist and that the semantic and phonological forms of false recall SPE are distinct. Current theories of false memory and of true recall SPE are considered.

Este trabalho pretende realizar uma leitura da música caipira, de seus componentes e de sua principal porta-voz: a viola caipira, aqui abordada sob o ponto de vista de sua história social e musical. Nessa reflexão questionaremos alguns conceitos, já elaborados por outros autores, sobre a música caipira e sua relação com o mercado fonográfico. Para isso, nosso olhar se debruçará sobre o homem do campo do Centro-Sudeste do Brasil o caipira, a maneira como era entendido aos olhos da urbanidade e o intenso processo migratório para a grande São Paulo entre o início do século XX e os anos 1970. Ao deixarem seus locais de origem, esses migrantes entraram em um processo de perda de raízes, que chamamos desenraizamento. Por uma série de razões aqui abordadas, essas populações foram compondo as periferias das grandes cidades e sua cultura foi sendo tratada como algo menor, não canônico. Um dos aspectos da cultura dos caipiras é sua expressão musical, que teve como base poemática o romance, o contar uma história. Nessas narrativas musicais, sempre ligadas ao universo da oralidade, registraram fonograficamente a sua saga e transmitiram seus valores de vida. Pelas ondas do rádio a história dos caipiras se fez conhecida por todos fato raro num país onde é contada sempre a história dos vencedores. A radiodifusão da música caipira atuou como um fator de reenraizamento sobre os migrantes preservando seus valores e mantendo a sua história. No intuito de confirmação dessas idéias, foram realizadas entrevistas com migrantes de modo a colher suas impressões acerca da perda e aquisição de novos valores / This work intends to perform a reading of caipira music, its components and its main representative: the brazilian ten-string guitar, here approached from the standpoint of its social and musical history. In this consideration we will question some concepts, which have already been developed by other writers, on country music and its relationship to the phonographic market. For this, our eyes will be addressed to the peasant of Central-southeastern Brazil - the caipira, the way it was understood in the eyes of urbanity and the intense migratory process to Sao Paulo city and surroundings in the early twentieth century and in the 1970s. Upon leaving their places of origin, these migrants have entered a process of loss of roots, which we call uprooting. For a variety of reasons discussed here, these people were composing the suburbs of large cities and their culture was being treated as something smaller, non canonical. One aspect of peasant culture is its music expression, which had as poematic base romance, the story telling. In these musical narratives, always connected to the orality world, they recorded phonographically their saga and passed on their values of life. Through the radio waves the caipira history became known to all - a rare event in a country where only the winners history is told. The broadcasting of caipira music served as a factor re-rooting on migrants retaining their values and preserving their history. In order to confirm these ideas, we conducted interviews with migrants in order to collect their impressions about the loss and acquisition of new values

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Maria Teresa Carthery-Goulart / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência e Cognição, São Bernardo do Campo, 2017. / Apesar de bastante explorada na literatura, a memória operacional (MO) ainda tem lacunas não preenchidas, principalmente em seu componente não verbal. O modelo de MO de múltiplos componentes de Baddeley e Hitch (1974) é o mais completo e amplamente usado. Fundamentada neste modelo, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal explorar uma amostra de idosos saudáveis com diferentes níveis de escolaridade, de forma a ser a mais representativa possível da população. A tarefa verbal de span utilizada foi o digit span auditivo da escala Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ¿ terceira edição (WAIS-III) e a tarefa visuoespacial foi um teste de rastreio cognitivo computadorizado ¿ CompCog (Computerized Cognitive Screening Test), similar à tarefa Blocos de Corsi. Além da extensão de cada componente da MO, houve também o registro do tempo de reação mediano na tarefa computadorizada. Participaram da pesquisa 87 idosos e 42 jovens universitários. Foram realizadas comparações intra e intergrupos. No estudo 1, comparouse um grupo de idosos (N=32) com o de jovens (N=42), ambos com escolaridade igual ou superior a 12 anos. Foram observados efeitos da idade nas medidas de MO e percebeuse que o declínio da MO com a idade é mais evidente no componente visuoespacial. Houve diferença significativa entre jovens e idosos, com melhor desempenho dos jovens em todas as tarefas. Entretanto, no tempo de reação, o grupo de idosos apresentou desempenho inesperado através da diminuição do tempo na tarefa visuoespacial mais complexa. No estudo 2, 87 idosos foram subdivididos em faixas de escolaridades (variação entre 0 e 17 anos de escolaridade). Foram feitas correlações entre as variáveis escolaridade e nível socioeconômico. Foram testados modelos de regressão linear que puderam explicar, parcialmente, algumas das medidas de MO. A idade não influenciou os desempenhos, mas a escolaridade e a pontuação socioeconômica atuaram como preditoras destas medidas. Na comparação entre os grupos, houve diferença de desempenho nas tarefas de span inverso explicadas pela escolaridade. Os idosos mais escolarizados também foram, em média, mais rápidos que os demais. As maiores diferenças estão entre o grupo de analfabetos quando comparados com os demais, indicando ligação entre a preservação do funcionamento do executivo central e a escolarização. / In spite of widely explored, working memory (WM) data still has few unexplored components, specially the non-verbal one. The WM multicomponent model proposed by Baddeley & Hitch (1974) is considered the most complete and it is vastly found in previous literature. The present study is grounded on this multicomponent model and had as main objective analyse the performance of a group of health elders with different educational levels at 2 WM tasks. This group was selected in a way that fully represented Brazilian population, including low to high educational levels. The 2 applied tasks were: (1) verbal span task - the auditive digit span of the third edition Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) and (2) visuospatial task - a cognitive screening test was used, the CompCog (Computerized Cognitive Screening Test), similar to Corsi blocks task. Besides the extension of each WM component, the median reaction time at the computerized task was also considered. 87 Elders and 42 undergraduate students participated in the present study. Analysis were ran considering within and between-group factors. At study 1, one Elder group (N=32) was compared to the undergraduate group (N=42), both groups having participants with 12 or higher education years. Main effects of age were observed at WM measures and the WM decline is more evident at the visuospatial component. There was a significant difference between young and elders, where younger participants showed better performance in all tasks. However, analyzing reaction time, the elders¿ group showed an unexpected performance with faster reaction times at the most complex visuospatial task. At study 2, 87 elders were subdivided in schooling levels (varying between 0 and 17 years of study). Analysis were performed considering educational levels and socioeconomic status as variables. Linear regression models were tested, and they could partially explain WM measures. Age did not influence performance, but education years and socioeconomic status were found to be predictors of these measures. In between-group analysis there was a difference in performance at inverse span tasks, explained by educational levels. Elders with more study years showed faster reaction times than the others. The more pronounced difference was between the illiterates group and the other groups, indicating a link between executive centre functions preservation and educational levels.

Cognitive deficit presents a significant problem affecting the life of schizophrenia patients. Despite the variability of the deficit, which influences almost all cognitive domains, the most profound seems to be deficit in memory and executive functioning with direct impact on daily functioning of patients with schizophrenia. As the pharmacologic interventions do not seem to bring satisfying results, the cognitive remediation seems to bet the most effective way of intervention of the deficit. Efficacy of cognitive remediation approach was repeatedly confirmed on the level of structural and functional changes of the brain. Nevertheless, often discussed are the issues of ecological validity of cognitive remediation and its controversial ability of transfer of acquired abilities and skills into the real life. In this work, we present development of a new method potentially applicable in the remediation of deficit of declarative memory in schizophrenia patients designed in ecologically valid environment of virtual supermarket. In the first two pilot studies, we tested the functionality of the task in the healthy volunteers and we compared their performance in the virtual task with the results in standard psychological memory tests. After considering the findings from the pilot studies, we verified the...

Dans le cadre de l’évaluation pré-chirurgicale de patients épileptiques, il est impératif de déterminer la spécialisation hémisphérique du langage, ainsi que de localiser les aires du langage au sein de cet hémisphère. De nouvelles méthodes d’évaluation non- invasives doivent être mises au point afin de diminuer les risques associés aux méthodes plus invasives telles que le test à l’amobarbital intracarotidien (TAI). L’objectif principal de cette thèse est donc de développer un protocole d’évaluation pré-chirurgicale alternatif et non-invasif à l’aide de la magnétoencéphalographie (MEG) pour la latéralisation et la localisation du langage, incluant la mémoire verbale qui serait éventuellement accessible à une population pédiatrique francophone épileptique. L’article 1 présente une recension de la littérature résumant les différentes études en MEG ayant pour objectif l’évaluation pré-chirurgicale du langage. Trente-sept articles en MEG ont été analysés pour déterminer quelles tâches permettaient d’obtenir les meilleurs résultats de latéralisation intrahémisphérique et de localisation du langage pour l’évaluation du langage réceptif et expressif chez des sujets neurologiquement sains et épileptiques. Parmi les tests retenus, l’épreuve de reconnaissance de mots permet d’évaluer le langage réceptif et la mémoire verbale, tandis que des épreuves de fluence verbale telles que la génération de verbes permettent d’évaluer le langage expressif de façon à obtenir de très bons résultats. L’article 2 a permis de valider un protocole auprès de sujets neurologiquement sains à l’aide des épreuves identifiées dans l’article 1. Le protocole utilisé comprend une tâche de langage réceptif et de mémoire verbale (une épreuve de reconnaissance de mots) et une tâche de langage expressif (une épreuve de fluence verbale). Suite à la validation du protocole à l’aide d’analyses par composantes principales, les épreuves ont été administrées à un groupe de patients épileptiques. Les index de latéralité et les analyses de sources i révèlent que la MEG permet de localiser et de latéraliser les fonctions langagières et pourrait donc être utilisée comme méthode d'évaluation du langage lors de l'évaluation pré- chirurgicale auprès de patients épileptiques. Toutefois, alors que l’épreuve de mémoire verbale a permis d’obtenir les meilleurs résultats auprès de l’ensemble des participants, l’épreuve de fluence verbale n’a fourni des informations supplémentaires que chez un seul patient et chez aucun participant neurologiquement sain. En résumé, les deux articles de cette thèse démontrent le potentiel clinique de la MEG pour l’évaluation pré-chirurgicale de patients souffrant d’une épilepsie réfractaire. / It is imperative to determine hemispheric dominance of language and to localize language areas in this hemisphere as part of the presurgical evaluation of epileptic patients. New non-invasive evaluation methods should be developed to reduce the risks associated with more invasive methods such as the intracarotid sodium amobarbital procedure (ISAP). The main objective of this dissertation is to develop an alternative non-invasive presurgical evaluation protocol using magnetoencephalography (MEG) to determine the lateralisation and localization of language and verbal memory that would eventually be accessible to a French-speaking paediatric population suffering from epilepsy. Article 1 is a literature review summarizing MEG studies on the presurgical evaluation of language. Thirty-seven articles were analyzed to determine which tasks allow to obtain the best results with regards to language lateralization and localization with MEG in the assessment of receptive and expressive language in neurologically healthy individuals as well as epileptic patients. We conclude that the word recognition task is well suited to assess receptive language and verbal memory, while a verbal fluency task, such as the verb generation task allows the assessment of expressive language with very good results. Article 2 allowed the validation of a language protocol with neurological healthy participants based on the tasks identified in article 1. The protocol included a task evaluating receptive language functions and verbal memory (word recognition task) and a task evaluation expressive language (verbal fluency). After having validated the tasks using principal component analysis, they were administered to a group of patients with epilepsy. Laterality findings and source analysis showed that MEG can be used to lateralize and localize language and could therefore be used in the presurgical assessment of patients with epilepsy. However, the verbal fluency task, when compared to the verbal memory task, provided additional information for only one patient and in none of the neurologically healthy participants. In summary, the two articles of this dissertation demonstrate the clinical potential of MEG for the presurgical evaluation of patients with refractory epilepsy.