När det europeiska honungsbiet Apis mellifera domesticerades av människan uppskattades särskilda egenskaper och beteenden framför andra för att underlätta hanteringen av kupan. Skillnader mellan vilda och tama bisamhällen växte när aggressiva beteenden valdes bort och kupor som producerade mer honung blev mer eftertraktade. Globaliseringen har ökat möjligheterna att flytta bikupor och drottningar mellan olika världsdelar och hotar den genetiska mångfalden hos flera underarter av Apis mellifera, särskilt det Nordiska honungsbiet Apis mellifera mellifera. Studier kring underarternas beteende och anpassning till sin närmiljö är få, och många frågor kring skillnaderna kvarstår. Denna studies syfte var att undersöka hur tre underarter (A.m carnica, A.m. ligustica, A.m. mellifera) och en hybridsort (Buckfast) av Apis mellifera har anpassat sig till en lokal vid Nordens Ark i sydvästra Sverige och hur deras beteende skiljer sig åt under tidig vår. I studien filmades 16 bikupor med olika underarter 15 dagar i följd. Av 16 kupor filmades fyra varje dag enligt ett roterande schema. Kuporna filmades tre timmar per dag, en timme morgon, eftermiddag och kväll. Startpunkten för inspelningen lottades fram varje dag. Förekomsten av arbetarbin och drönare dokumenterades tillsammans med beteenden kopplade till vaktande av kupan, insamling av resurser, och självputsning. Datan analyserades i statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultaten visade att underarternas beteenden skiljde sig kring förekomsten av drönare som återvände till kupan. Skillnaden för andra beteenden och förekomst av arbetarbin var inte signifikant men resultaten pekar på att ytterligare och längre studier är värdefulla och kan ge fler svar kring underarternas anpassning till klimatet kring Nordens Ark. / When the European honeybee Apis mellifera was domesticated by man certain traits were appreciated over others to ease handling of the hive. Differences between wild and tame bee communities grew when aggressive behaviours were rejected and hives that produced more honey became more desirable. Globalisation has increased the possibilities to move beehives and queens between different continents and threatens the genetic diversity of several subspecies of Apis mellifera, especially the Nording brown bee Apis mellifera mellifera. Studies of the subspecies’ adaptation to their native environment are few, and many questions regarding their differences remain. The aim of this study was to investigate how three subspecies (A.m carnica, A.m. ligustica, A.m. mellifera) and one hybrid (Buckfast) of Apis mellifera have adapted to a local at Nordens Ark in the southwest of Sweden and their behaviour in early spring. In the study 16 beehives with different subspecies were filmed 15 days in a row. Of the 16 hives four were filmed each day according to a rotating schedule. The hives were filmed for three hours per day, one hour morning, afternoon and evening. The starting point for the recording was randomised each day. Presence of worker bees and drones was documented along with behaviours connected to guarding of the hive, gathering of resources, and selfgrooming. The data was analysed in the statistical program SPSS. The results showed that the subspecies’ behaviours differed regarding the number of drones returning to the hive. The difference for other behaviours and presence of worker bees was not significant but the results hint that further and longer studies are valuable and can provide more answers regarding the subspecies’ adaption to the climate at Nordens Ark.

Background: Multi-dose drug dispensing (MDD) is an alternative to assist patients with difficulties in administering and handling their medications. In 2019 the primary care units at Region Gotland reported a high number of discrepancies, regarding patients with MDD discharged from the Hospital of Visby. Due to the high proportion of discrepancies between the patient's medication list in TakeCare and the prescription list of MDD the clinical pharmacists at the hospital began to check all patients marked for discharge in order to discover and prevent eventual discrepancies. Aim: To identify discrepancies between the patient’s medication list and the prescription for MDD when discharged from the Hospital of Visby and investigate whether there has been a decrease since 2019. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional study was performed. Medication lists from each patient’s journal and their prescribing record from the prescription system for MDD were reviewed to identify discrepancies, which then were noted and discussed with the physician in charge. Identified discrepancies were rated into pre-defined categories and compared with data from previous years. A chi-square test was performed to investigate the significant difference of discrepancies between the units. The results from the intervention were summarized into figures and tables. Results: Medication lists from 144 patients with a mean age of 83 years were included. Discrepancies were identified in 34% of the patients and a total of 98 discrepancies were noted, which proves a significant decrease since 2019 when the number of discrepancies was 70%. Totally 79% of the discrepancies were estimated to have occurred during the patient's hospital stay. The highest number of discrepancies were found in the medical department and the difference between all inpatient care departments was significant (p <0.0001). Conclusion: The results indicate a decrease in discrepancies since 2019. Further research is necessary to clarify the reason behind the discrepancies.

Background  Biologics are type of proteins that can be produced by expression in a foreign host for medical healthcare applications in humans. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are type of biologics that are designed to specifically bind to one target, with a purpose to inhibit a certain molecule that could be associated with a disease process. Usually, the usage of mammalian cells as expression hosts are generally preferred for biologics production. Among the available choices of mammalian host cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line is considered to be the initial choice for biologics production due to their compatibility with human proteins and their scalability to grow in large scale.  Aims This project aims to establish a clone selection platform, to identify the best producing clone from a specific cell line and its clones from metabolic point of view (CHO-SDI-X, CHO-SDI-Y, CHO-SDI-Z). These cell lines were established through site-directed integration.  Specifically, the goal of the project is to:  ·   evaluate cell culture kinetics and metabolic profiles for each cell line in batch and fed-batch culture. ·   identify the most adequate feed rate for future clone selection platform based on these cell lines and fed-batch regime. Methods/Materials  Cells were thawed and passaged (seed trains) initially (target initial and end viable cell densities for each seed-train step were 0.5(±0.1) and 4 (±1) MC/mL, respectively), before cultured into batch and fed-batch mode. Secondly, cells were grown in batch mode and each cell line were grown in three biological replicates. Finally, during fed-batch mode, cell specific feed rate strategy was implemented as the feed strategy for the experiment. In addition, 3 different feed rates (0.5, 0.75 and 1.125 pL/cell/day) were tested to identify the adequate one for the cells in addition to measuring the produced metabolites. Samples were taken daily from each culture flask in both batch and fed-batch to measure viable cell density, viability, and metabolites (Gluc, Lac, Gln, Glu, NH4+).  Results The data generated from the batch and fed-batch culture revealed differences in the cell kinetics and metabolic profile between CHO-SDI-Z and the other two cell lines. Also, during batch experiment, different growth phases of each cell line including the exponential growth phase was identified. In addition, after screening different feed rates and testing the cells in fed-batch mode it was identified that 0.75 pL/cell/day was the most adequate feed rate, and 1.125 pL/cell/day drove the cells to die/crash suddenly after 12 days of continuous growing.  Conclusions: As a conclusion, the starting point of fed-batch regime were determined for each tested cell line. Also, the driving factors for the end of the exponential phase and end of stationary phase have been identified. Furthermore, it was concluded that CHO-SDI-X and CHO-SDI-Y had similar cell culture kinetics and metabolic profiles, while CHO-SDI-Z had different demeanour. Finally, the optimal feed rate was identified.

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Bakgrund: Paracetamol är ett av de mest kända och använda läkemedlet över hela världen för analgetisk och antipyretisk effekt. Paracetamol är ett receptbelagt läkemedel men säljs även receptfritt. Läkemedlet anses vara säkert under graviditet och därför kan den användas så länge den rekommenderade dosen inte överskrids. Hur paracetamol verkar är det inte klarlagt än idag däremot finns det en del hypoteser och teorier Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien är att, med hjälp av djurstudier, undersöka hur en tidig exponering av paracetamol ger neurologiska negativa effekter under hjärnutvecklingen.  Metod: Artikelsökning till litteraturstudien gjordes i databasen Pubmed genom sex sökningar där 12 artiklar kunde besvara studiens frågeställning. Sökningen följde exkluktions kriterierna: humana studier, paracetamol har antingen en positiv eller ingen påverkan på hjärnutvecklingen, paracetamols påverkande på framtida sexuella samt reproduktionsbeteende som ses i vuxen ålder. Artiklarna som inkluderades var från och med år 2016–2022, ett undantag gjordes dock vid sökning 5 och 6 där artiklar inkluderades från 2014–2022. Resultat: Paracetamol exponering under tidig hjärnutveckling har visat minskade koncentrationsnivåer av monoaminer, dess metaboliter och aminosyror i olika hjärnregioner. Dessa förändringar har kopplats till neurofysiologisk och kognitiv försämring som försämrad minne och inlärningsförmåga. Även oxidativ stressindex har ökat efter paracetamol exponeringen vilket associerades med inducerad oxidativ stress. Antioxidanterna superoxiddistumas och glutation minskade också vilket ökade de skadliga radikalerna i kroppen vilket ökade den oxidativa stressen. Slutsats: Slutligen kan en slutsats dras om en tidig paracetamol exponering. Läkemedlet har visat neurotoxiska effekter under tidig hjärnutveckling vilket har i in vivo studier visat ökad oxidativ stress, abnormitet i kognitiva funktioner och risk för neuropsykiatriska dysfunktioner. Därmed bör försiktighetsåtgärder och rekommendationerna kring paracetamol användningen under graviditet iakttas och nödvändigt utvärderas av läkare som farmaceuter och läkemedelsverket.

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