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Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) dates from 1971. Attempts at commercial exploitation were unsuccessful; at the beginning of this decade it remained essentially a laboratory technique. Problems arose from the practical operation of the instrument and the nature of the output. Correlation fringes are intrinsically noisy and their quality depends on many interrelated factors. It is shown that by simplifying the optical design and improving the quality of the optical components, the fringe contrast is greatly improved and the instrument is made easier to use. Extensions and improvements to the system are discussed: analogue image processing techniques as a low cost means of improving the appearance of the output; time invariant noise subtraction in time averaged fringes gives similar quality results as that of the subtraction mode; ensemble averaging of time variant noise is a new technique for producing holographic quality results. Electronic speckle contouring (ESC) gives a selection of methods for producing programmable contour spacings and orientations for shape measurement. ESPI is compared with other optical measurement techniques and is shown to have fundamental advantages.

O problema de contagem de pessoas em uma determinada região é de grande importância, e tem várias aplicações, tais como: planejamento dos serviços fornecidos por cinemas, shoppings centers, companhias de ônibus, assim como para o monitoramento do tráfego de pedestres em áreas urbanas. A necessidade de se conceber sistemas confiáveis capazes de contabilizar, em tempo real, o número de pessoas circulando em uma determinada região tem sido evidenciado por essas aplicações. Este trabalho apresenta um sistema de baixo custo para a estimação do fluxo multidirecional de pedestres, em ambientes abertos e não restritos, baseado na seqüência de imagens digitais, capturadas por uma única câmera vídeo tipo WEBCAM. A câmera é colocada na vertical do espaço a ser monitorado e conectada a um PC através da porta USB. A metodologia tem como base o trabalho desenvolvido por Pádua (2002) e utiliza o algoritmo proposto em Lucas e Kanade (1981) que computa o fluxo óptico das imagens capturadas pela câmera. Uma análise espaço-temporal desse fluxo é realizada para determinar o fluxo multidirecional dos pedestres. / The problem in counting people in restricted area is of great importance in planning the services offered by cinemas, malls and bus companies and also for controlling pedestrians traffic in urban areas. These applications have evinced the need for developing reliable real time systems capable of counting pedestrians in regions of interest. This work presents a low cost system for estimating the multidirectional flow of pedestrians in open areas and non-restricted areas. This system has only one WEBCAM placed in a vertical position in the area to be monitored. This camera is connected to the PC computer system through the USB port. The methodology is based in the work developed by Pádua (2002) and in the algorithm proposed by Lucas e Kanade (1981) that computerizes the optical flow of the images acquired by the stationary camera. The multidirectional flow is estimated by the temporal-space analysis of this optical flow

In the present study, the local heat transfer coefficient over the surface of the tube row of a fin-and-tube heat exchanger is to measure. The test cases including the tube row arrangement of staggered and in-line, Reynolds number range of 2000 to 9000, and transverse tube pitch of S=2.0D, 2.5D and 2.8D, are studied and discussed. Experimental models of heat exchangers are constructed according to similarity principles. Complete distribution of local heat transfer coefficients are measured over the full surface of the tube row of a fin-and-tube heat exchanger by the transient heat transfer method with thermochromic liquid crystal used as the surface thermometer. And using micro video camera assembled in the experimental system to obtain the experimental image. Software, LCIA(Liquid Crystal Image Analysis), is used to obtain the temporal history of the surface temperature used to determined the local heat transfer coefficient. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient over the surface of the fin tube row increases with the Reynolds number. And the heat transfer coefficient for staggered cases is larger than that for in-line cases. The heat transfer coefficient on the surface of the tube row with transverse tube pitch S=2.0D is similar to the case with S=2.5D, and is larger than the case with S=2.8D. Therefore, there should exist an optimum geometry of the plate fin for a fin-and tube heat exchanger.

Predators are a threat to many ground-nesting shorebirds, although it remains largely unknown how they interact with passive predator management techniques such as nest exclosures. I examined the effects of nest exclosures on incubating Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus melodus) and their predators on nesting beaches in Kouchibouguac and PEI National Parks. A combination of behavioural observations, video monitoring of nests and an artificial nest experiment was used to examine the effects of nest exclosures in this study system. The behaviour of Piping Plovers did not differ between exclosed and unexclosed nests, although different types of predators seemed to have an effect on plover nest attentiveness. Predators visited exclosed nests more often than unexclosed nests and spent more time in the vicinity of exclosed nests than unexclosed nests. Since increased adult mortality and nest abandonment have been documented at exclosed Piping Plover nests, as well as nests of other shorebirds, the results of this study provide evidence of a link between predator harassment and these negative effects.

Utilization of video camera at physical measurement This thesis is aimed to use of a camcoder during physical measurements purposed for high school students. The thesis includes theoretical part, which is about physics lesson basic structure viewed from the point of educational goals. Further it describes a manual for recording the video for video analysis and basic presentation of the Tracker program. The practical part shows applicable excercises and their physical analysis. Exemplary working sheets in an electronic form filled in according to videoanalyses in the Tracker program are included as well.

The thesis is divided into two parts theoretical one and practical one. The theoretical part describes methods of implementation of physical experiments, also there is discussion about curriculum that was used in the created experiments and description of video analysis with used app, at the end of this part there is also several experiments that are made to inspire teachers and to show them video analysis options. For some of the experiments there is also graphical manual. The practical part contains a set of differentiated tasks and worksheets. In this work there is also few worksheets that were filled by students.

The thesis is divided into two parts theoretical one and practical one. The theoretical part describes methods of implementation of physical experiments, also there is discussion about curriculum that was used in the created experiments, at the end of this part there is also several experiments that are made to inspire teachers and to show them video analysis options. The practical part contains a set of differentiated tasks and worksheets. In this work there is also few worksheets that were filled by students.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la phénoménologie relative à l'imagerie passive dans le domaine sub-térahertz allant de 0,1 à 1 THz. Dans cette fenêtre électromagnétique, les matériaux diélectriques comme les vêtements sont transparents ce qui ouvre la voie à la réalisation d'images des personnes débarrassées de leurs vêtements et la possibilité de détecter des objets extracorporels cachés sous ces derniers. Le processus de formation d'images repose sur la détection des puissances de rayonnement provenant de la scène et sur la discrimination des signatures spectrales des objets de la scène. Dans cette thèse, nous mesurons l'indice, la transmission et la diffusion de quelques vêtements et autres matériaux dissimulants dans le domaine térahertz. La technique de mesure utilisée est la spectroscopie térahertz dans le domaine temporel, la génération et la détection des signaux sont réalisées par les photocommutateurs ultra-rapides à base de GaAs-BT. Les résultats obtenus s'étendent jusqu'à 2 ou 2,5 THz. La technique de mesure est ensuite adaptée pour la détermination in-vivo des propriétés térahertz de la peau humaine. La base de données constituée par la campagne de mesures est enfin intégrée dans un modèle radiométrique pour l'étude des scénarios d'imagerie passive de détection à distance. Les performances obtenables sont discutées et les spécifications favorables à l'imagerie sont déduites. / The thesis focuses on the phenomenology related to passive imaging in Millimeter/Terahertz domain, 0.1 to 1 THz. In this domain, dielectric materials such as clothing are transparent, this paves the way for the creation of images of people guillemotleft stripped of guillemotright their clothing and the ability to detect extracorporeal objects hidden behind the clothes. In this thesis, we measure the optical index, the transmission and the diffusion of some hidden materials in the terahertz domain. The measurement technique used is the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The generation and detection of signals are carried out by LT-GaAS photoswitches. The results extend to 2 or 2.5 THz. The optical properties of human skin is measured using our experimental setup mounted in reflection geometry. The database made from the measurement campaign is finally integrated into a radiometric model for the study of passive imaging scenarios for remote sensing. Obtainable performances are discussed and favorable specification to imaging are derived.

O problema de contagem de pessoas em uma determinada região é de grande importância, e tem várias aplicações, tais como: planejamento dos serviços fornecidos por cinemas, shoppings centers, companhias de ônibus, assim como para o monitoramento do tráfego de pedestres em áreas urbanas. A necessidade de se conceber sistemas confiáveis capazes de contabilizar, em tempo real, o número de pessoas circulando em uma determinada região tem sido evidenciado por essas aplicações. Este trabalho apresenta um sistema de baixo custo para a estimação do fluxo multidirecional de pedestres, em ambientes abertos e não restritos, baseado na seqüência de imagens digitais, capturadas por uma única câmera vídeo tipo WEBCAM. A câmera é colocada na vertical do espaço a ser monitorado e conectada a um PC através da porta USB. A metodologia tem como base o trabalho desenvolvido por Pádua (2002) e utiliza o algoritmo proposto em Lucas e Kanade (1981) que computa o fluxo óptico das imagens capturadas pela câmera. Uma análise espaço-temporal desse fluxo é realizada para determinar o fluxo multidirecional dos pedestres. / The problem in counting people in restricted area is of great importance in planning the services offered by cinemas, malls and bus companies and also for controlling pedestrians traffic in urban areas. These applications have evinced the need for developing reliable real time systems capable of counting pedestrians in regions of interest. This work presents a low cost system for estimating the multidirectional flow of pedestrians in open areas and non-restricted areas. This system has only one WEBCAM placed in a vertical position in the area to be monitored. This camera is connected to the PC computer system through the USB port. The methodology is based in the work developed by Pádua (2002) and in the algorithm proposed by Lucas e Kanade (1981) that computerizes the optical flow of the images acquired by the stationary camera. The multidirectional flow is estimated by the temporal-space analysis of this optical flow