The objective of the research was to develop fundamental understanding of the process of deposition of complex mixtures by the inkjet method. The rheological properties and DOD drop formation dynamics of carbon black pigmented inkjet inks were investigated. It was found that the suspension microstructure responses to bulk motions, leading to shear rate and time dependent shear viscosity. However, DOD drop formation dynamics of highly pigmented inkjet ink and pure Newtonian fluid is similar even though shear rate up to 105 s-1 exists during inkjet jetting process. A proposed explanation for these observations is that the shearing time during DOD drop ejection is insufficient for changing and stabilizing the microstructure of the suspension. The effects of signal amplitude and jetting frequency on DOD drop formation dynamics of pure Newtonian fluids were investigated. A transition of DOD drop formation dynamics when the inkjet nozzle is switched from idle to jetting was identified. A qualitative investigation of DOD drop impaction and post-impaction behavior on inkjet paper and textiles was carried out. Dynamics of DOD drop accumulation and spreading on the substrates and final ink distribution show drastic differences between these two substrates.

In efforts to render the safest, fastest, and most cost efficient drilling program for a high temperature and high pressure (HT/HP) well the maximization of drilling operational efficiencies is key. Designing an adequate, HT/HP well specific, drilling fluid is of most importance and a technological challenge that can greatly affect the outcome of the overall operational efficiency. It is necessary to have a sound fundamental understanding of the behavior that water-based muds (WBM) exhibit when exposed to HT/HP conditions. Therefore, in order to adequately design and treat a WBM for a HT/HP well specific drilling program, it is essential that the mud be evaluated at HT/HP conditions. Currently, industry standard techniques used to evaluate WBM characteristics involve aging the fluid sample to a predetermined temperature, based on the anticipated bottom hole temperature (BHT), either statically or dynamically, for a predetermined length, then cooling and mixing the fluid and measuring its rheological properties at a significantly lower temperature. This, along with the fact that the fluid is not subjected to the anticipated bottom hole pressure (BHP) during or after the aging process, brings to question if the properties recorded are those that are truly experienced down-hole. Furthermore, these testing methods do not allow the user to effectively monitor the changes during the aging process. The research in this thesis is focused on evaluating a high performance WBM and the current test procedures used to evaluate their validity. Experimental static and dynamic aging tests were developed for comparative analysis as well to offer a more accurate and precise method to evaluate the effects experienced by WBM when subjected to HT/HP conditions. The experimental tests developed enable the user to monitor and evaluate, in real-time, the rheological changes that occur during the aging of a WBM while being subjected to true BHT and BHP. Detailed standard and experimental aging tests were conducted and suggest that the standard industry tests offer false rheological results with respect to true BHT and BHP. Furthermore, the experimental aging tests show that high pressure has a significant effect on the rheological properties of the WBM at elevated temperatures.

The thesis is deal with measuring the temperature dependence of dynamic viscosity and the calculation of measurement uncertainties. The thesis writes up the physical nature of viscosity and rheological properties. Next it is write up an overview of possible methods for measuring viscosity of liquids and overview of methods for measuring the density of liquids. An important chapter is the statistical evaluation of measured data represented mainly measurement uncertainties. In the practical part of the work is done workplace for measure the temperature dependence of dynamic viscosity. It is used two methods of measuring viscosity of liquids and two samples of liquids. Finally is done statistical evaluations of measurement. Based on the calculated measurement uncertainty measurement methods are compared.

The aim of this diploma thesis is a description of viscosity as a physical characteristic of liquids, next a description of projecting different types of sewer systems (pressure sewer system, vacuum sewer system and gravity sewer system). There was a range of density and viscosity of wastewater experimentally determined. These values were compared with ordinary values used in practice. The practical part of this work consists of sampling wastewater from different types of sewer systems and various localities. Chemical-biological analysis was realized on those samples with defined density, then dynamic viscosity was measured by the rotary viscometer for various temperatures. Measured data are evaluated. Finally, a calculation related to the design of sewers was made.

The master´s thesis describes design of falling ball high pressure viscometer for measurements of rheological properties of liquids under high pressure and in the wide temperature range. The design is based on similar apparatuses, which are described in literature. The speed of falling sinker is measured by two optical senzors. Apparatus allows measuring of viscosity, density and optical observing structure of liquid. There was developed extensive program for the evaluation of measurement in Matlab. Apparatus is placed in the laboratory of the Institute of Machine and Industrial Design FME BUT and is used for research and creative activities.

[pt] O sucesso da operação de perfuração de poços de petróleo provém da incessante pesquisa científica que busca soluções e melhorias às diversas etapas deste processo. A correta formulação dos fluidos de perfuração e suas medições reológicas são parte fundamental neste cenário. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o funcionamento de um viscosímetro Fann 35A e a metodologia utilizada para caracterização reológica de fluidos de perfuração, mediante comparação com um reômetro rotacional. Por conseguinte, diferentes fluidos, tais como soluções poliméricas e fluidos de perfuração, foram analisados com a finalidade de propor novas recomendações e aprimorar o uso do equipamento, comumente utilizado pelas companhias de petróleo. Curvas de escoamento e testes de força gel foram executados e, os resultados mostraram que as equações API são responsáveis pela determinação errônea dos parâmetros reológicos destes fluidos. Além disso, foi realizado um estudo teórico da relação entre a pressão e vazão em escoamento em tubo e espaço anular. Observou-se que a escolha precisa da função de viscosidade é imprescindível para o correto dimensionamento de bomba. Ademais, uma geometria ranhurada foi projetada e desenvolvida a fim de evitar os efeitos do deslizamento aparente em baixas taxas de cisalhamento. A força gel, medida importante para avaliar o reinício do escoamento em poços de petróleo, também foi avaliada e apresentou resultados bastante divergentes dos obtidos no reômetro. O gel adicional exibiu respostas significativas e assim, sua utilização é indicada. Por fim, as melhorias e metodologias propostas mostraram-se promissoras, embora em alguns casos não possua valia pelo custo benefício. A incorporação das recomendações obtidas no presente estudo garante aquisição com maior acurácia da reologia de fluidos de perfuração e, consequentemente, desempenho correto de algumas funções atribuídas ao mesmo, evitando assim ocorrência de sérios problemas operacionais, ambientais e financeiros. / [en] The success of a drilling operation in an oil well emerges from the unrelenting scientific research for solutions and improvements to the various stages of this process. The correct formulations of drilling fluids and their rheological measurements are essential to this scenario. This study aims to investigate the functionality of a rotational viscometer 35A and the methodology used to characterize the fluids’ rheology through the comparison with a rotational rheometer. Hence, different fluids, such as polymeric solutions and drilling fluids, were analyzed to propose new standards and improve the equipment operation, generally used by the oil companies. The results show that API equations are responsible for the inaccurate determination of these fluids rheological parameters. Besides, a theoretical study of the relationship between pressure and flow rate in a tube and annular flow was performed. It was observed that the choice of viscosity function is extremely important to determine the correct pump size. Also, a roughed geometry was designed and developed for the viscometer to avoid wall slip at low shear rates. The gel strength, an important parameter to analyze restart of flows in oil wells, was analyzed and presented expressively divergent results from those obtained with a rheometer. The additional gel strength showed interesting results that indicate its use. Finally, the improvements and proposed methodology were found to be promising, although in some cases, it is not worth the cost-benefit analysis. The use of this present study s recommendations guarantees the accuracy of drilling fluids rheology and, consequently, a good performance of some of its functions, avoiding the occurrence of serious operational, environmental and financial problems.

[pt] O uso de nanofluidos na área de Termociências tem sido de grande interesse tendo em vista possibilitar uma melhora significativa na capacidade de transferência de calor em máquinas térmicas. Isto se deve em função da presença de partículas em suspensão com diâmetros menores que 100 nm que são dispersas em fluidos convencionais. Parâmetros como viscosidade e condutividade térmica são fatores determinantes no desempenho desses materiais como fluidos térmicos em diferentes aplicações. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a realização de ensaios experimentais para determinação da viscosidade dinâmica e da tensão cisalhante de três nanofluidos com diferentes composições, sob condições de temperatura controlada (faixa de -10 graus Celsius a 30 graus Celsius). Dois parâmetros adicionais - taxa de cisalhamento e taxa de rotação - foram condicionantes nos ensaios. A montagem da bancada experimental foi realizada a partir do acoplamento de um viscosímetro rotativo com um banho termostático. As curvas obtidas mostraram incremento da viscosidade dinâmica com a temperatura para os nanofluidos em relação aos seus fluidos base. Houve também incremento da viscosidade relativa, sobretudo para temperaturas mais elevadas. Os nanofluidos apresentaram comportamento não newtoniano. Para elevadas taxas de cisalhamento, as medições de viscosidade tendem a valores constantes. Correlações entre viscosidade com temperatura e com taxa de cisalhamento foram construídas seguindo funções exponenciais decrescentes e de potência, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho acrescentam conhecimento à literatura científica sobre a viscosidade e o comportamento reólógico de nanofluidos a baixas temperaturas. / [en] The use of nanofluids in the Thermosciences has been of great interest since it enables a substantial improvement in the heat transfer capacity in thermal machines. This is possible due to the presence particles in suspension, with diameters less than 100 nm, dispersed in conventional fluids. Parameters such as viscosity and thermal conductivity are determining factors in the performance of these materials as thermal fluids in different applications. The objective of the present work was to determine the dynamic viscosity and the shear stress of three distinct nanofluids under controlled temperature conditions (range -10 Celsius degrees to 30 Celsius degrees) at laboratory. In addition, shear rate and rotation rate were also conditioning parameters. The experimental apparatus was assembled coupling a viscometer with a thermal bath. The obtained results showed an increase of the dynamic viscosity with temperature for all nanofluids with respect to their base fluids. An increase of the relative viscosity was also observed especially at higher temperatures. The three nanofluids have shown a non-newtonian behavior. With high shear rates, the measured viscosities tended towards constant values. Curve adjustments were performed between viscosity vs temperature and viscosity vs shear rate using exponential decay function and the Power Law, respectively. The achievements of this research added scientific understanding about the viscosity and rheological behavior of nanofluids at low temperatures.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-31T17:20:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Elisa Vila Nova de Noronha.pdf: 4419781 bytes, checksum: 0804df588af66f56621082802458f769 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T17:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Elisa Vila Nova de Noronha.pdf: 4419781 bytes, checksum: 0804df588af66f56621082802458f769 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-21 / For the drilling process to succeed, it is necessary the use of a drilling fluid. The measurement of rheological properties from these fluids becomes important in order to allow good hydraulic gusher maintenance and management. If these measures are taken in an on- line order that will mean agility in decision-making about the maintenance of the properties of the fluid and it will result in savings of thousands of dollars during the drilling of a well. It is in this context that this current report, developed in the UFRRJ laboratory of fluid flow, aims to evaluate the performance of a modified and calibrated process viscometer, making it a unique equipment for conducting real-time measures of apparent viscosity and thixotropy curve. The process viscometer chosen has the geometry of coaxial cylinders being, thus similar to the current workbench equipment used in drilling rigs. The modified viscometer performance was confronted with the rheometer benchtop Haake Rheostress 1. Different compositions of fluids, containing assorted concentrations of viscosifier polymers and suspension solid have been tested. The results indicated that there was an agreement on the results towards a considered error permissible for a viscometer process. The online viscometer brings a pioneering real-time measuring capacity and plotting of rheological behavior curves towards the current technology used in drilling operation. / Para que o processo de perfura??o seja bem-sucedido, ? necess?rio o uso de um fluido de perfura??o. A medi??o das propriedades reol?gicas destes fluidos torna-se importante para permitir uma boa manuten??o e gest?o hidr?ulica do po?o. Se estas medidas forem realizadas de forma online isso significar? agilidade na tomada de decis?o sobre a manuten??o das propriedades do fluido e acarretar? na economia de milhares de d?lares durante a perfura??o de um po?o. ? neste contexto que o presente trabalho, desenvolvido no Laborat?rio de Escoamento de Fluidos da UFRRJ, tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de um viscos?metro de processo modificado e calibrado, tornando-o em um equipamento exclusivo, para realizar medidas em tempo real de curva de viscosidade aparente e tixotropia. O viscos?metro de processo escolhido tem a mesma geometria de cilindros coaxiais sendo desta forma semelhante ao atual equipamento de bancada utilizado nas sondas de perfura??o. O desempenho do viscos?metro modificado foi confrontado com o re?metro de bancada Haake Rheostress 1. Foram testadas diferentes composi??es de fluidos contendo concentra??es variadas de pol?meros viscosificantes e s?lidos em suspens?o. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que houve concord?ncia nos resultados diante de um erro considerado admiss?vel para um viscos?metro de processo. Acredita-se que o viscos?metro online avaliado traz uma capacidade pioneira de medi??o em tempo real e plotagem de curvas de comportamento reol?gico diante da atual tecnologia utilizada na ?rea petroqu?mica.

Polypropylene fibers are used in concrete mixtures to avoid early cracks during shrinkage. Low thickness of each fiber and low density are reasons, why these fibers are effective in small dosage. Their disadvantages are smooth surface and hydrophobic character of polypropylene, thus it is necessary to improve their surface for better spread during mixing and to reach needed adhesion between fibers and cement paste. In present time are using chemical solutions applied on surface of the fibers to provide better water absorption, but the trend is reducing of using chemicals in industry and this situation demands new technology. There is possible solution, polypropylene fibers treated by low-temperature plasma. This method was developer by cooperation Masaryk University in Brno with company KrampeHarex and Brno Universiry of Technology. The goal of this thesis is to bring comparison, of influence on rheology properties of fresh concrete, between admixed the fibers with applied chemical layer and low-temperature plasma treated polypropylene fibers.