This thesis explores whether colour terms (e.g., “red”, “blue”, “purple”, etc.) influence visual processing of colour, and if so, the time course of any effect. Broadly, this issue relates to debate concerning whether language affects the way we perceive the world (i.e., the theory of linguistic relativity). Three of the experiments conducted used the event-related potential method (ERP), taking electrophysiological measurements of visual processing and visual cognition in human participants. The ERP provides high-resolution information about the timing of neural activity in the brain and can therefore be used to effectively investigate the time course of a potential influence of colour terms on visual processing. The first study, using a behavioural approach, identified that colour terms can influence the detection of colours and colour-associated objects suppressed from awareness by continuous flash suppression. The second study found that a cross-linguistic difference in colour lexicons affected a post-perceptual ERP component (the P2-N2 complex), but not sensory ERP components occurring early in visual processing. However, the third study found that differences in colour naming within a language do affect an early sensory ERP component (the P1). The final study used ERPs to identify a post-perceptual neural marker (in the posterior P2 component) for the unique ‘pure' hues (red, yellow, green, and blue), which had previously only been defined and identified linguistically. All of the studies provide evidence that colour terms affect colour processing, and the specific time course of this effect is identified as being task-dependent. These findings have implications for broader debate about the influence of language on visual cognition and perception.

視覺信號，包括圖像，視頻等，在采集，壓縮，存儲，傳輸，重新生成的過程中都會被各種各樣的噪聲所影響，因此他們的主觀質量也就會降低。所以，主觀視覺質量在現今的視覺信號處理跟通訊系統中起到了很大的作用。這篇畢業論文主要討論質量評價的算法設計，以及這些衡量標準在視覺信號處理上的應用。這篇論文的工作主要包括以下五個方面。 / 第一部分主要集中在具有完全套考原始圖像的圖像質量評價。首先我們研究人類視覺系統的特征。具體說來，視覺在結構化失真上面的水平特性和顯著特征會被建模然后應用到結構相似度(SSIM)這個衡量標準上。實驗顯示我們的方法明顯的提高了衡量標準典主觀評價的相似度。由這個質量衡量標準的啟發，我們設計了一個主觀圖像壓縮的方法。其中我們提出了一個自適應的塊大小的超分辨率算法指導的下采樣的算法。實驗結果證明提出的圖像壓縮算法無論在主觀還是在客觀層面都構建了高質量的圖像。 / 第二個部分的工作主要討論具有完全參考原始視頻的視頻質量評價。考慮到人類視覺系統的特征，比如時空域的對此敏感函數，眼球的移動，紋理的遮掩特性，空間域的一致性，時間域的協調性，不同塊變換的特性，我們設計了一個自適應塊大小的失真閾值的模型。實驗證明，我們提出的失真閾值模型能夠更精確的描迷人類視覺系統的特性。基于這個自適應塊大小的失真閾值模型，我們設計了一個簡單的主觀質量評價標準。在公共的圓像以及視頻的主觀數據庫上的測試結果證明了這個簡單的評價標準的有效性。因此，我們把這個簡單的質量標準應用于視頻編碼系統中。它可以在同樣的碼率下提供更高主觀質量的視頻。 / 第三部分我們討論具有部分參考信息的圖像質量評價。我們通過描迷重組后的離散余弦變換域的系數的統計分布來衡量圖像的主觀質量。提出的評價標準發掘了相鄰的離散余弦系數的相同統計特性，相鄰的重組離散余弦系數的互信息，以及圖像的能量在不同頻率下的分布。實驗結果證明我們提出的質量標準河以超越其他的具有部分參考信息的質量評價標準，甚至還超過了具有完全參考信息的質量評價標準。而且，提取的特征很容易被編碼以及隱藏到圖像中以便于在圖像通訊中進行質量監控。 / 第四部分我們討論具有部分參考信息的視頻質量評價。我們提取的特征可以很好的描迷空間域的信息失，和時間域的相鄰兩幀間的直方圖的統計特性。在視頻主觀質量的數據庫上的實驗結果，也證明了提出的方法河以超越其他代表性的視頻質量評價標準，甚至是具有完全參考信息的質量評價標準， 譬如PSNR以及SSIM 。我們的方法只需要很少的特征來描迷每一幀視頻圖像。對于每一幀圖像，一個特征用于描迷空間域的特點，另外三個特征用于描述時間域的特點。考慮到計算的復雜度以及壓縮特征所需要的碼率，提出的方法河以很簡單的在視頻的傳輸過程中監控視頻的質量。 / 之前的四部分提到的主觀質量評價標準主要集中在傳統的失真上面， 譬如JPEG 圖像壓縮， H.264視頻壓縮。在最后一部分，我們討論在圖像跟視頻的retargeting過程中的失真。現如今，隨著消費者電子的發展，視覺信號需要在不同分辨率的顯示設備上進行通訊交互。因此， retargeting的算法把同一個原始圖像適應于不同的分辨率的顯示設備。這樣的過程就會引入圖像的失真。我們研究了對于retargeting圖像主觀質量的測試者的分數，從三個方面進行討論測試者對于retargeting圖像失真的反應.圖像retargeting的尺度，圖像retargeting的算法，原始圖像的內容特性。通過大量的主觀實驗測試，我們構建了一個關于圖像retargeting的主觀數據庫。基于這個主觀數據庫，我們評價以及分析了幾個具有代表性的質量評價標準。 / Visual signals, including images, videos, etc., are affected by a wide variety of distortions during acquisition, compression, storage, processing, transmission, and reproduction processes, which result in perceptual quality degradation. As a result, perceptual quality assessment plays a very important role in today's visual signal processing and communication systems. In this thesis, quality assessment algorithms for evaluating the visual signal perceptual quality, as well as the applications on visual signal processing and communications, are investigated. The work consists of five parts as briefly summarized below. / The first part focuses on the full-reference (FR) image quality assessment. The properties of the human visual system (HVS) are firstly investigated. Specifically, the visual horizontal effect (HE) and saliency properties over the structural distortions are modelled and incorporated into the structure similarity index (SSIM). Experimental results show significantly improved performance in matching the subjective ratings. Inspired by the developed FR image metric, a perceptual image compression scheme is developed, where the adaptive block-based super-resolution directed down-sampling is proposed. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed image compression scheme can produce higher quality images in terms of both objective and subjective qualities, compared with the existing methods. / The second part concerns the FR video quality assessment. The adaptive block-size transform (ABT) based just-noticeable difference (JND) for visual signals is investigated by considering the HVS characteristics, e.g., spatio-temporal contrast sensitivity function (CSF), eye movement, texture masking, spatial coherence, temporal consistency, properties of different block-size transforms, etc. It is verified that the developed ABT based JND can more accurately depict the HVS property, compared with the state-of-the-art JND models. The ABT based JND is thereby utilized to develop a simple perceptual quality metric for visual signals. Validations on the image and video subjective quality databases proved its effectiveness. As a result, the developed perceptual quality metric is employed for perceptual video coding, which can deliver video sequences of higher perceptual quality at the same bit-rates. / The third part discusses the reduced-reference (RR) image quality assessment, which is developed by statistically modelling the coe cient distribution in the reorganized discrete cosine transform (RDCT) domain. The proposed RR metric exploits the identical statistical nature of the adjacent DCT coefficients, the mutual information (MI) relationship between adjacent RDCT coefficients, and the image energy distribution among different frequency components. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed metric outperforms the representative RR image quality metrics, and even the FR quality metric, i.e., peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). Furthermore, the extracted RR features can be easily encoded and embedded into the distorted images for quality monitoring during image communications. / The fourth part investigates the RR video quality assessment. The RR features are extracted to exploit the spatial information loss and the temporal statistical characteristics of the inter-frame histogram. Evaluations on the video subjective quality databases demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the representative RR video quality metrics, and even the FR metrics, such as PSNR, SSIM in matching the subjective ratings. Furthermore, only a small number of RR features is required to represent the original video sequence (each frame requires only 1 and 3 parameters to depict the spatial and temporal characteristics, respectively). By considering the computational complexity and the bit-rates for extracting and representing the RR features, the proposed RR quality metric can be utilized for quality monitoring during video transmissions, where the RR features for perceptual quality analysis can be easily embedded into the videos or transmitted through an ancillary data channel. / The aforementioned perceptual quality metrics focus on the traditional distortions, such as JPEG image compression noise, H.264 video compression noise, and so on. In the last part, we investigate the distortions introduced during the image and video retargeting process. Nowadays, with the development of the consumer electronics, more and more visual signals have to communicate between different display devices of different resolutions. The retargeting algorithm is employed to adapt a source image of one resolution to be displayed in a device of a different resolution, which may introduce distortions during the retargeting process. We investigate the subjective responses on the perceptual qualities of the retargeted images, and discuss the subjective results from three perspectives, i.e., retargeting scales, retargeting methods, and source image content attributes. An image retargeting subjective quality database is built by performing a large-scale subjective study of image retargeting quality on a collection of retargeted images. Based on the built database, several representative quality metrics for retargeted images are evaluated and discussed. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ma, Lin. / "December 2012." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 185-197). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Dedication --- p.ii / Acknowledgments --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.viii / Publications --- p.xi / Nomenclature --- p.xvii / Contents --- p.xxiv / List of Figures --- p.xxviii / List of Tables --- p.xxx / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation and Objectives --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Subjective Perceptual Quality Assessment --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objective Perceptual Quality Assessment --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Visual Modelling Approach --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Engineering Modelling Approach --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Perceptual Subjective Quality Databases --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Performance Evaluation --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4 --- Thesis Contributions --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.24 / Chapter I --- Full Reference Quality Assessment --- p.26 / Chapter 2 --- Full Reference Image Quality Assessment --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1 --- Visual Horizontal Effect for Image Quality Assessment --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Introduction --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Proposed Image Quality Assessment Framework --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Experimental Results --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Conclusion --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2 --- Image Compression via Adaptive Block-Based Super-Resolution Directed Down-Sampling --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- The Proposed Image Compression Framework --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Experimental Results --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Conclusion --- p.45 / Chapter 3 --- Full Reference Video Quality Assessment --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1 --- Adaptive Block-size Transform based Just-Noticeable Dfference Model for Visual Signals --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Introduction --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- JND Model based on Transforms of Different Block Sizes --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Selection Strategy Between Transforms of Different Block Sizes --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- JND Model Evaluation --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Conclusion --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2 --- Perceptual Quality Assessment --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Experimental Results --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Conclusion --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3 --- Motion Trajectory Based Visual Saliency for Video Quality Assessment --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Motion Trajectory based Visual Saliency for VQA --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- New Quaternion Representation (QR) for Each frame --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Saliency Map Construction by QR --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Incorporating Visual Saliency with VQAs --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Experimental Results --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4 --- Perceptual Video Coding --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Experimental Results --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Conclusion --- p.76 / Chapter II --- Reduced Reference Quality Assessment --- p.77 / Chapter 4 --- Reduced Reference Image Quality Assessment --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2 --- Reorganization Strategy of DCT Coefficients --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3 --- Relationship Analysis of Intra and Inter RDCT subbands --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4 --- Reduced Reference Feature Extraction in Sender Side --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Intra RDCT Subband Modeling --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Inter RDCT Subband Modeling --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Image Frequency Feature --- p.92 / Chapter 4.5 --- Perceptual Quality Analysis in the Receiver Side --- p.95 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Intra RDCT Feature Difference Analysis --- p.95 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Inter RDCT Feature Difference Analysis --- p.96 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Image Frequency Feature Difference Analysis --- p.96 / Chapter 4.6 --- Experimental Results --- p.98 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Efficiency of the DCT Reorganization Strategy --- p.98 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Performance of the Proposed RR IQA --- p.99 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Performance of the Proposed RR IQA over Each Individual Distortion Type --- p.105 / Chapter 4.6.4 --- Statistical Significance --- p.107 / Chapter 4.6.5 --- Performance Analysis of Each Component --- p.109 / Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.111 / Chapter 5 --- Reduced Reference Video Quality Assessment --- p.113 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.113 / Chapter 5.2 --- Proposed Reduced Reference Video Quality Metric --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Reduced Reference Feature Extraction from Spatial Perspective --- p.116 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Reduced Reference Feature Extraction from Temporal Perspective --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Visual Quality Analysis in Receiver Side --- p.121 / Chapter 5.3 --- Experimental Results --- p.123 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Consistency Test of the Proposed RR VQA over Compressed Video Sequences --- p.124 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Consistency Test of the Proposed RR VQA over Video Sequences with Simulated Distortions --- p.126 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Performance Evaluation of the Proposed RR VQA on Compressed Video Sequences --- p.129 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Performance Evaluation of the Proposed RR VQA on Video Sequences Containing Transmission Distortions --- p.133 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Performance Analysis of Each Component --- p.135 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.137 / Chapter III --- Retargeted Visual Signal Quality Assessment --- p.138 / Chapter 6 --- Image Retargeting Perceptual Quality Assessment --- p.139 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.139 / Chapter 6.2 --- Preparation of Database Building --- p.142 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Source Image --- p.142 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Retargeting Methods --- p.143 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Subjective Testing --- p.146 / Chapter 6.3 --- Data Processing and Analysis for the Database --- p.150 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Processing of Subjective Ratings --- p.150 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Analysis and Discussion of the Subjective Ratings --- p.153 / Chapter 6.4 --- Objective Quality Metric for Retargeted Images --- p.162 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Quality Metric Performances on the Constructed Image Retargeting Database --- p.162 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Subjective Analysis of the Shape Distortion and Content Information Loss --- p.165 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Discussion --- p.167 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusion --- p.169 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.170 / Chapter 7.1 --- Conclusion --- p.170 / Chapter 7.2 --- Future Work --- p.173 / Chapter A --- Attributes of the Source Image --- p.176 / Chapter B --- Retargeted Image Name and the Corresponding Number --- p.179 / Chapter C --- Source Image Name and the Corresponding Number --- p.183 / Bibliography --- p.185

Thesis. 1979. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 75-77. / M.C.P.

Orientador: Paula da Cruz Landim / Banca: Monica Cristina de Moura / Banca: Miriam Mirna Korolkovas / Resumo: No cenário atual, muitas estratégias são usadas para atrair o consumidor, que deixou de suprir apenas, as necessidades consideradas naturais para satisfazer desejos e necessidades correspondentes a expectativas sociais. Diante desse consumidor ávido por novidades, o comércio estimula seu ímpeto para o consumo, fazendo uso da comunicação para atingir seus objetivos. Uma das mídias utilizadas, a vitrina, é o objeto deste estudo, aqui apresentada como uma mídia de comunicação com grande capacidade de atrair o consumidor. Objeto de estudos restritos, porém, com grande capacidade de persuasão, a vitrina investiga esta pesquisa que tem o objetivo de avaliar o papel do design em seu planejamento como atrativo para valorizar a imagem do produto e do ponto de venda, agregando valor na forma de expô-los ao consumidor. O objetivo específico visa relacionar o impacto emocional que sua composição, com o uso de conceitos e técnicas do design, pode proporcionar ao público, em específico o feminino. Para isso, optou-se por uma investigação bibliográfica e de campo. Compreende uma pesquisa exploratória, com abordagem qualitativa e por raciocínio indutivo. Os dados obtidos geraram informações que contribuem como ferramentas no planejamento visual da vitrina. Os conceitos do design, da emoção e da percepção visual, articulados por profissionais capacitados por meio do ensino de design, permitem que a informação transmitida pelas vitrinas seja compreendida pelos consumidores / Abstract: In the present scenery, many strategies are used to attract the consumers, which stopped supplying just the necessities considered natural to satisfy desires and the necessities towards the social expectations. Considering this eager consumer of news, the commerce stimulates his willing for consumption, making use of the communication to reach its aims. One of the used media, the window display, is the object of this study, here presented as a communication media with a great capacity to attract the shopper. Object of restrict studies, however, with a great persuasion power, the window display instigates this research that has the aim of evaluating the role of the design in its planning as an attractive to worth the image of the product and the store as well, attributing value in the way it is displayed to the shopper. The specific objective aims to connect the emotional impact that is composition, with the design's concepts and technical, can provide to the public, mainly the female one. That's why the option was to use both a bibliographic and a camping research. It concerns an exploratory research with qualitative approach and inductive throught. The obtained data created information that contributes a tools in the visual planning of the window display. The concepts of the design, emotion and visual perception said by the most capable professionals in design teaching, allow that the information transmited by the window display is understood by the shoppers / Mestre

A thorough delineation of the extent of processing possible without visual awareness is necessary to elucidate the neural mechanisms of visual awareness. Despite extensive research, it is presently unclear whether invisible stimuli can undergo advanced processing. To introduce existing work on this topic, previous behavioral efforts to investigate the extent of processing possible without visual awareness and the psychophysical methods used to render stimuli invisible, such as visual masking and interocular suppression-based techniques, are discussed. Physiological evidence that provide support for and against the possibility that advanced information processing can occur without visual awareness are addressed. The basics of multivariate pattern classification techniques are outlined. The potential of using multivariate pattern classification analyses in conjunction with neuroimaging in the temporal domain to investigate whether advanced processing can occur without visual awareness is discussed. An original study using electroencephalography (EEG) and pattern classification techniques to investigate the extent of processing possible without visual awareness is outlined. The results of the analyses reveal that a pattern classifier did not extract neural signatures of categorical processing from EEG recordings when participants viewed an image that remained invisible for the duration of its presentation. In contrast, the results from a second experiment reveal that the pattern classifier was able to decode the category of invisible images from the EEG time series when the images would eventually become visible. The results provide support for the idea that under certain circumstances, such as when the depth of interocular suppression is reduced, advanced processing for invisible stimuli can occur. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2019. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

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This paper examine's painters attempts to find, in their chosen medium, a meaningful representation of nature. It proposes the idea that despite the best efforts of some of western art's most gifted artists, this has remained an elusive goal so far and this is likely to remain the case in the future. The paper concludes with an examination of Postmodern theoretical discourse and the effects it has had on painters who may want to attempt to make a meaningful statement about nature with their art. It goes on to make a case that despite the difficulty of the task, there are some very sound reasons why any painter wishing to attempt it, should do so. Some associated issues are raised in the course of the investigation: 1/. An investigation of perception of nature. 2/. The role of language in shaping our perceptions of nature. 3/. The inability of language itself to capture a satisfactory recreation of the experience of nature. 4/. An examination of Paul Cezanne's attempts to record nature using his empirical optical method. 5/. An examination of Barnett Newmans's attempts to recreate the experience of nature through the use of symbols. 6/. The work of the phenomenologists with regard to nature and painting. 7/. The problem of aesthetics. 8/. The apparent reluctance of many critics and theoreticians to take the importance of nature as a vital and indispensable starting point for some artists / Master of Arts (Hons)

This study is about how a social consciousness is made visible in the paintings and drawings of two artists who have in common an urge to examine the human condition in the context of traumatic social and political circumstances. Their prime concern is with the eternal complexities between the individual and society. Pessimism, hope, anger, frustration and guilt reside in their images. This thesis explores how their social consciousness is expressed through the unique pictorial devices that each creates. It examines their biographies and the social and political milieu influencing their work; it explores their perceptions through the examination of the particular themes and devices that they developed as visual language. These influences lead to the examination of my own artistic practice, exploring the connection between my social consciousness and my pictorial language. / Master of Arts (Hons.)