Vitamin D is derived through the action of solar ultraviolet B radiation on skin and from a limited number of natural food sources, fortified foods and supplements. It is well known that vitamin D plays an active role for calcium and phosphorus absorption but there is also growing evidence of an association between vitamin D insufficiency and various chronic diseases. Middle Eastern populations are known to be at risk of vitamin D deficiency due to a diet low in vitamin D and low sunshine exposure. Obesity is also a risk factor since vitamin D is sequestered in body fat. This thesis examined dietary intake of vitamin D, obesity and other risk factors for deficiency in Middle Eastern people in the UK. A questionnaire based survey was undertaken with 242 Middle Eastern respondents. A total of 85% of the sample was estimated to have a vitamin D intake <5 µg/d. Other risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency included covering skin from sunlight (84% females); low use of supplements (18.5%) and being overweight or obese (49% males and 44% females). Vitamin D intake was lowest in those with primary (1.8 µg/d) and secondary school (2.1 µg/d) education compared to higher education (3.6 µg/d). The survey was followed by dietary assessment of 28 Iraqi adults using repeat 24 hour recalls. The results concurred with the survey: mean intake of vitamin D was (3.2±4.4 µg/d) and 78.5% were overweight or obese. Finally, overweight participants were recruited to observe the effect of fat loss on vitamin D status. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations was measured in Middle Eastern (n=12) and Caucasian adults (n=24). Firstly seasonal changes were observed between October and January (with no weight loss). Then participants were advised on weight reduction to observe the effect of fat loss on serum 25(OH)D. Vitamin D deficiency (<25 nmol/l) was observed in 67% of the Middle Eastern group in October increasing to 92% in January. Of the 36 participants, only 17 lost ≥1kg of fat mass between January and April. No difference was found in serum 25(OH)D between those that lost fat mass and those that did not, and no correlation was found between the amount of fat lost and change in 25(OH)D. In the total sample, there was a negative association between serum 25(OH)D and waist circumference and waist-hip ratio, but no correlation was found between 25(OH)D and fat mass, thus indicating a relationship with visceral fat stores rather than total fat mass.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:57:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano _Piccolotto.pdf: 2082897 bytes, checksum: 866d1137ac1ed7730977f09f3ff10f7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objectives: D Vitamin (DV) plays an important role in the development and maintenance of bone tissue. At normal serum levels, has a positive effect on bone density and volume, contact surface area between the implant and bone, trabecular number and trabecular thickness average: enhancing osseointegration in animals. In face of this evidences has been established the objective of this study; check if the insufficient serum levels of VD influence the clinical and radiographic evolution of periimplant patients with implant supported prostheses. Methods and materials: 74 patiens with implant supported prostheses of the Dental Clinical Institute of UNIOESTE were examined. The participants received the following evaluations: 1º-periimplant clinical exams (recordings of depth and bleeding on probing (PS and mBI); width of keratinized mucosa (lmq); periimplant plaque scores (mPII); 2º-measurement in the radiographic image from implant platform to mesial and distal bone crests; and quantify the number of trabecular pixels to evaluate bone density; and 3º of DV serum levels. Patients with serum levels under 30ng/ml are receiving DV suplementation of 50000 IU per week during 8 weeks. Then, new clinical and radiographic evaluation in the control and DV groups were done. Clinical and radiographic intergroups results were compared in the baseline period; and also the intergroups and intra groups results of the baseline and PT periods. Results: The score results of PS, mBI, lmq, mPII and bone density did not showed significant statistical difference among the groups. However there were differences on the probing depth (p=0.0247) and in bone-implant crest (p<0.0001) measurements among the groups. The average dosage DV group was 24.95 ± 0.96, corresponding to 42.42% of patients, while 57.57% of the sample had a mean value of DV dosage 40.99 ± 1.23, demonstrating statistical difference (p = 0.0034). Conclusion: The results of this study show that serum levels of DV do not seem to influence the clinical and radiographic aspects of periimplant health. / Objetivos: A vitamina D (VD) tem um papel importante no desenvolvimento e na manutenção do tecido ósseo. Em níveis séricos normais, a VD pode ter influência positiva sobre o volume e densidade óssea, área de contato entre a superfície osso implante, número de trabéculas ósseas, e medida da espessura das trabéculas e aumento da osseointegração em animais. Diante destas evidências, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a reposição dos níveis séricos insuficientes de vitamina D influenciam a evolução clínica e radiográfica periimplantar de pacientes portadores de próteses implantossuportadas. Materiais e métodos: Foram alocados do Instituto de Clínicas Odontológicas da UNIOESTE, 33 pacientes, portadores de próteses implantossuportadas. Os participantes receberam as seguintes avaliações: 1ª- análise clínica periimplantar (profundidade de sondagem (P.S.); largura da mucosa queratinizada (L.M.Q.); índice de sangramento do sulco modificado (mBI); índice de placa modificado (mPII)); 2ª medida, na imagem radiográfica, da distância entre a cervical do implante e as cristas ósseas mesial e distal e avaliação da densidade óssea a partir da contagem de pixels trabeculares e 3ª- dosagens séricas de VD por quimioluminescência. Pacientes com dosagens acima de 30 ng/ml foram considerados suficientes de VD e compõem o grupo controle (n= 19). O grupo VD, composto de pacientes com dosagens insuficientes (n= 14), abaixo de 30ng/ml recebeu reposição na dosagem de 50.000 UI por semana durante 8 semanas. Após este período, foram repetidas as análises clínicas, radiográficas e laboratoriais e comparados os dados intergrupos no período baseline ; e intergrupos e intragrupos entre os períodos baseline e pós-tratamento (PT). Resultados: Os resultados das medidas da PS, mBI, mPII e densidade óssea não mostraram diferença estatística entre os grupos. Entretanto, houve diferença na profundidade de sondagem (p=0.0247) e medida da crista óssea-implante (p<0.0001) entre os grupos. O valor médio da dosagem VD do grupo VD foi 24,95±0.96 e correspondeu a 42,42% do total de pacientes, enquanto 57,57% da amostra apresentaram um valor médio da dosagem de VD de 40,99±1.23, demonstrando diferença estatística (p=0.0034). Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que a reposição dos níveis séricos de VD pareceram não influenciar os aspectos clínicos e radiográficos de saúde periimplantar.

Vitamin D deficiency is considered to be a pandemic with implications for compromised bone health and other chronic diseases. Few studies have examined vitamin D status in college-aged individuals where prevention of future health consequences is still possible. Serum vitamin D 25(OH)D status and vitamin D intake were examined in 98 college students ages 18-29 years during winter. BMI was classified as < 25and 25 or greater. Race was categorized as Caucasian or other. Overall, 69.5% had suboptimal serum vitamin D levels, <30ng/mL. Only 8 students (8.2%) met the EAR (400 IU) per day for vitamin D intake. t tests were used to determine if there were significant differences in serum vitamin D level and dietary intake based on gender, race and BMI. Significant differences were found in serum vitamin D level when compared by gender and race. Females tended to have a higher serum vitamin D level than males. Those representing minorities had lower serum vitamin D levels than Caucasians; One hundred percent of the minority students had suboptimal serum vitamin D levels. Based on these findings, dietitians should increase efforts to target college-aged individuals in educational programming related to factors affecting vitamin D synthesis, vitamin D intake, and health consequences of suboptimal vitamin D status, particularly in winter. Consideration should be given to vitamin D fortification of foods that meet the preferences of today’s consumer.

This study looked at risk factors associated with vitamin D levels in the body among a representative sample of adults in the U.S., NHANES III (2001-2006) data were used to assess the relationship between several demographic and health risk factors and vitamin D levels in the body. The Baseline-Category Logit Model was used to test the association between vitamin D level and the potential risk factors age, education, ethnicity, poverty status, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, obesity, diabetes and total cholesterol with both genders. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were significantly associated with age, race, education, physical activity, obesity, diabetes and total cholesterol level for both genders. Almost half of the adults sampled in these data had vitamin D levels lower than the recommended limits, with the highest frequency among the younger groups. Determining an individual’s vitamin D level is very difficult without proper clinical testing. Many of those who have low vitamin D levels are unaware. With such a high prevalence of individuals with low vitamin D levels in the U.S. and a better understanding of characteristics associated with these lower levels, increased education and prevention efforts should be focused toward those with higher risk characteristics.

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