This study had a dual objective. The first was to determine which factors influenced the career choice of girls and the second whether• their• actual choices coincided with their aptitudes. Socialization has a direct influence on the identification of girls with their careers. From an early age their behaviour is in line with the traditional roles (femininity, attractiveness, etc.) which society holds up to them. This is also true about occupations regarded as being suitable for girls. Girls therefore tend to choose their careers from a limited sphere. The style of parents' upbringing of their children also has an influence on the development of a girl's sex role identity, and therefore her career orientation. The peer group, especially male friends, has a tremendous influence during adolescence on the formation of a girl's sex role identity and career orientation. Pressure from the peer group tends to make girls feel that popularity and attractiveness are more important than academic achievement and high professional aspirations. It also appears that teachers do not play a significant role in the career orientation of girls. The influence of television on the career orientation of girls can be traced back to the influence on the patterns of interest of television viewers. It emerges that television programmes represent sex roles in a stereotyped manner. Through that, patterns of interest in the fields of "Social work" and "Practical-female" (19-Field Interest Questionnaire) are reinforced. School counsellors do not have a big influence on the career choices of girls. Boys and girls both regard the aspects of interest highly in making a choice of career. Girls tend, however, to give high credence to the rendering of service and to welfare. Boys tend to look more strongly at good income and good opportunities for promotion. The training of girls is directed more at the development of aptitudes in a field in the Humanities, in secretarial and clerking positions. The result of this is that girls mostly follow a domestic, caring and administrative course of study. The career values of girls and their self-image have a negative influence on their career orientation. This leads to the situation that fear of success inhibits them from developing their full professional potential. Other factors, such as manpower shortages, economic and political conditions, the improvement of the level of education and professional knowledge separately or in conjunction, have an influence on girls' career preferences and expectations. For the purposes of this study the Senior Aptitude Test, professional profiles identified with the aid of the Senior Aptitude Test and a questionnaire were used. Three aspects are covered by the questionnaire: * Field of study * Career expectations * Choice of career All the Afrikaans-speaking matriculants of four Afrikaans-medium high schools in a particular metropolitan area participated in the project. The data were statistically processed with an SAS computer programme. Fields of study and aptitudes of the study group do not correlate. Most respondents' strongest aptitudes are in the Humanities, while they are in fact following courses in the field of Economics. Most respondents are of the opinion that there are adequate work opportunities for white girls in the RSA, but feel that career counselling did not make adequate provision for girls. The study group are of the opinion that girls can do traditionally male jobs. There is a fair amount of uncertainty, however, about the professional future of white girls in a changing RSA. Professional training is thus regarded as being very important. More than half of the group (67,2%) expert to marry and still to have a career. Most of the respondents (176 out of 277) have made a fin3l career choice. The reason why the rest have not made career choices could largely be attributed to too little knowledge about careers. Five careers, viz. secretarial, teaching, nursing, social work and clerking, represent the largest percentage (35,4%) of the study group's career choices. The study group mainly made their choices on their own volition, and most parents are satisfied with their daughters' choices of career. Training is essential for most careers, mainly at universities and technikons. Too little knowledge of careers and financial considerations gave rise to the fact that some respondents (71 out of 277) planned to study later. In the consideration of the results of the investigation, the following conclusions could be reached: The process of socialization still holds up the caring role, service and femininity to girls as the ideal. In that way girls' aptitudes in the fields of the Humanities and in medicine are reinforced. In spite of that, the greatest percentage of girls followed a commercial course. The conclusion that is reached is that they feel "safe" in this field of study, because the traditional expectation is that they will go and work as a typist or a secretary. Girls therefore choose a field of study in Standard seven which is not in line with their aptitudes. It emerges that girls do not receive adequate counselling in Standard seven, and that being a secretary or a teacher is still held up to them by die Guidance teacher. The career choices of the study group therefore correlate with their fields of study, but not with their aptitudes. The conclusion that can be reached is that a large percentage of the study group would seem to have made an unrealistic choice of career, probably because they did this from a limited professional awareness. This can probably be ascribed to the traditional values and roles held for girls. Other conclusions which emerge from this study: * The respondents are not properly informed about the changes occurring in the RSA. * The study group dispose of too little information about professional training, although they seem to be aware of its importance. * Girls want to move away from the traditional sex role of wife and mother, and want to reconcile career and marriage. * Most respondents do not dispose of adequate self- knowledge to come to a realistic choice of career without some supportive action. * The female work force in South Africa is very valuable and an important source of executive and highly qualified manpower which should not be neglected. The place which women fill in the career world and its implications should enjoy special attention in school guidance. It is especially necessary that girls be made aware of their career potential but also of career options and problems. A school guidance teacher should take note of the fact that girls' career orientation is different from that of boys, and should adjust the counselling programme accordingly. One cannot, therefore, have the same programme for boys and girls. If it should be accepted that the role of woman in the business world is important, it is essential that career and course guidance in school be improved on an ongoing basis. Such improvement can only take place if the process of career counselling makes provision for the dynamic as well as the scientific dimensions of career choice and career development of girls in particular. The career orientation of girls is a lifelong process. It goes much further than mere career counselling. It is comprehensive, encompassing the girl in her totality. It also points to co-ordinated planning by all persons and institutions involved. It is only in this way that the optimal utilization of available manpower in its full implications can be attained. / Skripsie (MEd)--PU vir CHO, 1988

This study had a dual objective. The first was to determine which factors influenced the career choice of girls and the second whether• their• actual choices coincided with their aptitudes. Socialization has a direct influence on the identification of girls with their careers. From an early age their behaviour is in line with the traditional roles (femininity, attractiveness, etc.) which society holds up to them. This is also true about occupations regarded as being suitable for girls. Girls therefore tend to choose their careers from a limited sphere. The style of parents' upbringing of their children also has an influence on the development of a girl's sex role identity, and therefore her career orientation. The peer group, especially male friends, has a tremendous influence during adolescence on the formation of a girl's sex role identity and career orientation. Pressure from the peer group tends to make girls feel that popularity and attractiveness are more important than academic achievement and high professional aspirations. It also appears that teachers do not play a significant role in the career orientation of girls. The influence of television on the career orientation of girls can be traced back to the influence on the patterns of interest of television viewers. It emerges that television programmes represent sex roles in a stereotyped manner. Through that, patterns of interest in the fields of "Social work" and "Practical-female" (19-Field Interest Questionnaire) are reinforced. School counsellors do not have a big influence on the career choices of girls. Boys and girls both regard the aspects of interest highly in making a choice of career. Girls tend, however, to give high credence to the rendering of service and to welfare. Boys tend to look more strongly at good income and good opportunities for promotion. The training of girls is directed more at the development of aptitudes in a field in the Humanities, in secretarial and clerking positions. The result of this is that girls mostly follow a domestic, caring and administrative course of study. The career values of girls and their self-image have a negative influence on their career orientation. This leads to the situation that fear of success inhibits them from developing their full professional potential. Other factors, such as manpower shortages, economic and political conditions, the improvement of the level of education and professional knowledge separately or in conjunction, have an influence on girls' career preferences and expectations. For the purposes of this study the Senior Aptitude Test, professional profiles identified with the aid of the Senior Aptitude Test and a questionnaire were used. Three aspects are covered by the questionnaire: * Field of study * Career expectations * Choice of career All the Afrikaans-speaking matriculants of four Afrikaans-medium high schools in a particular metropolitan area participated in the project. The data were statistically processed with an SAS computer programme. Fields of study and aptitudes of the study group do not correlate. Most respondents' strongest aptitudes are in the Humanities, while they are in fact following courses in the field of Economics. Most respondents are of the opinion that there are adequate work opportunities for white girls in the RSA, but feel that career counselling did not make adequate provision for girls. The study group are of the opinion that girls can do traditionally male jobs. There is a fair amount of uncertainty, however, about the professional future of white girls in a changing RSA. Professional training is thus regarded as being very important. More than half of the group (67,2%) expert to marry and still to have a career. Most of the respondents (176 out of 277) have made a fin3l career choice. The reason why the rest have not made career choices could largely be attributed to too little knowledge about careers. Five careers, viz. secretarial, teaching, nursing, social work and clerking, represent the largest percentage (35,4%) of the study group's career choices. The study group mainly made their choices on their own volition, and most parents are satisfied with their daughters' choices of career. Training is essential for most careers, mainly at universities and technikons. Too little knowledge of careers and financial considerations gave rise to the fact that some respondents (71 out of 277) planned to study later. In the consideration of the results of the investigation, the following conclusions could be reached: The process of socialization still holds up the caring role, service and femininity to girls as the ideal. In that way girls' aptitudes in the fields of the Humanities and in medicine are reinforced. In spite of that, the greatest percentage of girls followed a commercial course. The conclusion that is reached is that they feel "safe" in this field of study, because the traditional expectation is that they will go and work as a typist or a secretary. Girls therefore choose a field of study in Standard seven which is not in line with their aptitudes. It emerges that girls do not receive adequate counselling in Standard seven, and that being a secretary or a teacher is still held up to them by die Guidance teacher. The career choices of the study group therefore correlate with their fields of study, but not with their aptitudes. The conclusion that can be reached is that a large percentage of the study group would seem to have made an unrealistic choice of career, probably because they did this from a limited professional awareness. This can probably be ascribed to the traditional values and roles held for girls. Other conclusions which emerge from this study: * The respondents are not properly informed about the changes occurring in the RSA. * The study group dispose of too little information about professional training, although they seem to be aware of its importance. * Girls want to move away from the traditional sex role of wife and mother, and want to reconcile career and marriage. * Most respondents do not dispose of adequate self- knowledge to come to a realistic choice of career without some supportive action. * The female work force in South Africa is very valuable and an important source of executive and highly qualified manpower which should not be neglected. The place which women fill in the career world and its implications should enjoy special attention in school guidance. It is especially necessary that girls be made aware of their career potential but also of career options and problems. A school guidance teacher should take note of the fact that girls' career orientation is different from that of boys, and should adjust the counselling programme accordingly. One cannot, therefore, have the same programme for boys and girls. If it should be accepted that the role of woman in the business world is important, it is essential that career and course guidance in school be improved on an ongoing basis. Such improvement can only take place if the process of career counselling makes provision for the dynamic as well as the scientific dimensions of career choice and career development of girls in particular. The career orientation of girls is a lifelong process. It goes much further than mere career counselling. It is comprehensive, encompassing the girl in her totality. It also points to co-ordinated planning by all persons and institutions involved. It is only in this way that the optimal utilization of available manpower in its full implications can be attained. / Skripsie (MEd)--PU vir CHO, 1988

Please read the abstract in the section 04back of this document / Dissertation (MA (Biblical and Religious Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Ancient Languages / unrestricted

There is a large amount of poverty-stricken people in South Africa, especially among female farm dwellers. Poverty is a problem with many facets that needs a multi-dimensional approach. One of the approaches used to alleviate poverty is through income-generating projects (IGPs). Most IGPs reported participation difficulties which negatively affects the sustainability of these projects. This study focuses on an IGP which forms part of the FLAGH programme in the North West Province. The aim of this study was to explore the motivation of women to participate in an IGP in order to understand why they participate and whether there is an observable difference concerning their motivation over a period of 16 months. In addition, the link between motivation and regular and irregular participation was investigated. A multiple-phased, single case study design, was followed to explore the motivation of purposefully selected women of the IGP. A semi-structured questionnaire was specifically designed for this study to collect data together with field notes, visual media and in-depth interviews. The study consisted of three phases. The socio-demographic information obtained by the semi-structured questionnaires provided the researcher with a profile of women who participated in the IGP during the first phase. The photographs and field notes served as evidence with regards to the socio-demographic and household information obtained through the questionnaires. The semi-structured questionnaires with the structured and open-ended questions provided insight concerning the motivational factors that influenced their participation over a period of 16 months. During the second phase, a comparison could be made between active and non-active participants. Differences in motivational factors were identified which explained the participation behaviour of both groups. In-depth interviews in phase three brought a better understanding of the motivational factors of the regular participants concerning their experiences. Field notes also served as supporting evidence for the results in phase three. Results of this study provided more information and insight regarding the participation difficulties in an IGP. Encouraging as well as discouraging motivational factors were identified that influenced participants to participate regularly or irregular in the IGP. The motivation that changed among participants over a period of 16 months was also identified. These results will be used to improve current IGPs and also in the planning of future IGPs. One of the limitations of this study was the small number of available women to observe. This study contributes as a section in a larger process that attempts to alleviate poverty through research on the subject in order to obtain a better understanding of difficulties found in IGPs. / M Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

There is a large amount of poverty-stricken people in South Africa, especially among female farm dwellers. Poverty is a problem with many facets that needs a multi-dimensional approach. One of the approaches used to alleviate poverty is through income-generating projects (IGPs). Most IGPs reported participation difficulties which negatively affects the sustainability of these projects. This study focuses on an IGP which forms part of the FLAGH programme in the North West Province. The aim of this study was to explore the motivation of women to participate in an IGP in order to understand why they participate and whether there is an observable difference concerning their motivation over a period of 16 months. In addition, the link between motivation and regular and irregular participation was investigated. A multiple-phased, single case study design, was followed to explore the motivation of purposefully selected women of the IGP. A semi-structured questionnaire was specifically designed for this study to collect data together with field notes, visual media and in-depth interviews. The study consisted of three phases. The socio-demographic information obtained by the semi-structured questionnaires provided the researcher with a profile of women who participated in the IGP during the first phase. The photographs and field notes served as evidence with regards to the socio-demographic and household information obtained through the questionnaires. The semi-structured questionnaires with the structured and open-ended questions provided insight concerning the motivational factors that influenced their participation over a period of 16 months. During the second phase, a comparison could be made between active and non-active participants. Differences in motivational factors were identified which explained the participation behaviour of both groups. In-depth interviews in phase three brought a better understanding of the motivational factors of the regular participants concerning their experiences. Field notes also served as supporting evidence for the results in phase three. Results of this study provided more information and insight regarding the participation difficulties in an IGP. Encouraging as well as discouraging motivational factors were identified that influenced participants to participate regularly or irregular in the IGP. The motivation that changed among participants over a period of 16 months was also identified. These results will be used to improve current IGPs and also in the planning of future IGPs. One of the limitations of this study was the small number of available women to observe. This study contributes as a section in a larger process that attempts to alleviate poverty through research on the subject in order to obtain a better understanding of difficulties found in IGPs. / M Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Traditional dances of the South Sotho of Qwaqwa were studied as a product of culture. The two major objectives were: to document, and analyse specific South Sotho dances and relate them holistically to the culture; and to determine which dances of the girls and the women would be suitable for inclusion in the Syllabus for Physical Education for Girls in the Republic of South Africa according to certain educational criteria. The aspects investigated in the study included the following: 1. An ethnographic image of the South Sotho relating to ancestry, way of life and culture; 2. Dance as a cultural phenomenon and the place and function of dance in the culture of the South Sotho; 3. The notation of selected dances, an analysis of the dance movements and choreographic structure of the dances; 4. The educational value of folk and ethnic dances for implementation in the physical education programme, according to relevant objectives. The techniques used to identify, classify, document and analyse the dances, included fieldwork done through personal observation, participating observation, video filming of the dances, sound recordings of the songs and personal interviews. The sequence of steps was notated descriptively and graphically. The movements of the free body segments and dance technique were described and the floor pattern of each step sequence, the information with the accompaniment and the floor plan of the dance were transcribed graphically. The number of repetitions of the step sequences and the order of the parts of the dances were notated according to counts. The following dances were identified: women's dances - mokgibo, moqoqopelo, ledingwana, thojane, timiti and famu; girls' dances - mokgibo, play dances, ndlamu and bale dances; men's dances - mohobelo, mokorotlo, diphotha and setapo; boys dance the same dances apart from the mokorotlo. Wedding dances and thojane are also danced together by both sexes. The four dances which were documented include the wedding dance Ausi o manele, a play dance (Tikwe ha malome), ledingwana-women's dance (Diponono ha kena basadi) and mogogopelo women's dance (Ke lelekuwe bohadi). The main findings of the study indicated that dance is still closely interlinked with the cultural life of the South Sotho and that the purpose of the dance manifests itself mainly in terms of social recreation. Specific dances of the South Sotho can be utilized in a meaningful way in the physical education programme for girls because of the educational value, the link with the cultural objectives of the folk dance section of the syllabus and the relevance to the present needs of society. / Thesis (MA) -- PU vir CHO, 1985

Traditional dances of the South Sotho of Qwaqwa were studied as a product of culture. The two major objectives were: to document, and analyse specific South Sotho dances and relate them holistically to the culture; and to determine which dances of the girls and the women would be suitable for inclusion in the Syllabus for Physical Education for Girls in the Republic of South Africa according to certain educational criteria. The aspects investigated in the study included the following: 1. An ethnographic image of the South Sotho relating to ancestry, way of life and culture; 2. Dance as a cultural phenomenon and the place and function of dance in the culture of the South Sotho; 3. The notation of selected dances, an analysis of the dance movements and choreographic structure of the dances; 4. The educational value of folk and ethnic dances for implementation in the physical education programme, according to relevant objectives. The techniques used to identify, classify, document and analyse the dances, included fieldwork done through personal observation, participating observation, video filming of the dances, sound recordings of the songs and personal interviews. The sequence of steps was notated descriptively and graphically. The movements of the free body segments and dance technique were described and the floor pattern of each step sequence, the information with the accompaniment and the floor plan of the dance were transcribed graphically. The number of repetitions of the step sequences and the order of the parts of the dances were notated according to counts. The following dances were identified: women's dances - mokgibo, moqoqopelo, ledingwana, thojane, timiti and famu; girls' dances - mokgibo, play dances, ndlamu and bale dances; men's dances - mohobelo, mokorotlo, diphotha and setapo; boys dance the same dances apart from the mokorotlo. Wedding dances and thojane are also danced together by both sexes. The four dances which were documented include the wedding dance Ausi o manele, a play dance (Tikwe ha malome), ledingwana-women's dance (Diponono ha kena basadi) and mogogopelo women's dance (Ke lelekuwe bohadi). The main findings of the study indicated that dance is still closely interlinked with the cultural life of the South Sotho and that the purpose of the dance manifests itself mainly in terms of social recreation. Specific dances of the South Sotho can be utilized in a meaningful way in the physical education programme for girls because of the educational value, the link with the cultural objectives of the folk dance section of the syllabus and the relevance to the present needs of society. / Thesis (MA) -- PU vir CHO, 1985

M.A. / With the possible exception of the much-lauded Karolina Ferreira, most of Lettie Viljoen's novels are (unfairly) regarded as very complex and even incomprehensible. The main reasons being the lack of a satisfactory evaluation framework that can be used to address the interpretation problems in her texts successfully and a resulting tendency to approach her novels with conventional reading strategies and expectations. By situating Viljoen's literary work in a postcolonial context, however, basic premises of postcolonial theory and criticism can be used to develop an instrument that will be able to address these problems satisfactorily and improve readers' comprehension of her novels. Because most recent critical work on postcolonialism focuses mainly on literature produced in former British colonies, these premises should be revised and adapted to suit the South African situation in general and the Afrikaans literature specifically.

The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (28 of 2002) (MPRDA) and the accompanied Broad-based Socio-economic Empowerment Charter aimed to rectify previous inequalities and disadvantages in the mining sector and specifically provide for the inclusion of women in core mining activities. According to the Act and the Charter, the mining industry was supposed to reach a quota of 10% women in core mining activities by 2009. The amendment of the Broad-based Socio-economic Empowerment Charter for the South African Mining and Minerals Industry (launched in 2010) set further requirements in terms of employment equity targets; the Charter requires a 40% historically disadvantaged South African representation in core and critical skills by 2015. Although well intended, the establishment of gender equality in the male-dominant mining sector remains one of the biggest equity challenges in the country and numerous problems accompany the deployment of women in core mining activities. Against this background, the main objective of the study was to critically analyse gender issues in the mining sector and to subsequently develop a conceptual framework that will enable the mining sector to contribute to and ensure the sustainable employment of women in the mining sector. A literature review was done, firstly to provide an understanding of persistent inequalities in society and the workplace, and secondly to gain an in-depth understanding of the variables that have an impact on women in the world of work in general and in the mining sector specifically. An empirical study was conducted to determine and investigate relevant gender-related issues in the mining sector. Quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative (semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and direct observation) research paradigms were used. From the literature review as well as the empirical study, it is evident that the deployment of women in core positions is still accompanied by various challenges, not only for managers but also for male co-workers as well as the women themselves. Although the numbers of women in the South African mining industry have risen, there is still a long way to go to successfully and sustainably ensure women‟s participation in the industry. Through the literature study and the empirical research, it became clear that various factors need to be considered for the successful and sustainable deployment of women in the mining sector. The study concludes by making recommendations and offering a conceptual framework, with the main pillars being company policies, workplace opportunities, infrastructure facilities, physical ability, health and safety and workplace relations. This framework can be implemented and used by various stakeholders in the mining sector to contribute to the successful and sustainable deployment of women in the mining sector. / PhD (Sociology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Motivation: C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and other risk factors such as cortisol and obesity in the diagnosis of cardiovascular dysfunction (CVD) in African and Caucasian women has become increasingly imperative when one considers the escalation of hypertension among these groups. Recent studies have explored some aspects of these risk factors and the roles that they play within hypertension and possible future risk for cardiovascular disease. Hs-CRP has been associated with the increased prevalence of hypertension and obesity. Cortisol per se has also been linked with the development of both hypertension and the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal cortex (HPA) response. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism remains rather uncertain due to conflicting outcomes of research within different ethnic groups. Several recent investigations have, however, linked hypocortisolism with both urbanisation and a subsequent increased likelihood of hypertension within African women as they have presented increased vascular blood pressure responses. Conversely, Caucasian women have displayed an increased central cardiac reactivity. The lack of data regarding the relationship between the above-mentioned parameters within both African and Caucasian women serves as the motivation for conducting this study. Objective: To investigate hs-CRP, cortisol and hypertension as contributors to the increased likelihood of cardiovascular dysfunction in both African and Caucasian women within South Africa. hs-CRP use this through whole document please Methodology: The manuscript presented in Chapter 2 has been compiled using data obtained from the POWIRS (Profiles of Obese Women with Insulin Resistance Syndrome) study. Apparently healthy African (N=102) and Caucasian (N=115) women, matched for age and body mass index, were recruited from the North-West Province of South Africa for participation within this study. Subjects were divided into normotensive (NT) and hypertensive (HT) groups according to the mean resting cardiovascular values that were taken using a Finometer device. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and cortisol blood serum values were determined by immunochemistry and ELISA analyses. Significant differences within each ethnic group and between each of the groups (NT and HT) were determined by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), for anthropometric, cardiovascular, hs-CRP and cortisol variables, while adjusting for cardiovascular covariates (age, smoking and alcohol consumption). Partial correlations analyses were used to examine the relationship between hs-CRP, cortisol, anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters adjusting for cardiovascular covariates. Logistic regression analyses was used within each ethnic group to determine the relationship between anthropometric, cardiovascular, hs-CRP and cortisol as independent variables and hypertension as dependent variable. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the North-West University and all subjects gave informed consent in writing. For a more detailed description of the subjects, study design and analytical procedures please refer to the Materials and Methods section within Chapter 2 of this dissertation. Results and Conclusion: Both ethnic groups presented higher hs-CRP and lower cortisol levels compared to normal values. Lower waist circumference (WC) and cortisol as well as higher blood pressure (BP) and vascular values were evident in Africans compared to Caucasians. Both HT ethnic groups were older and more visceral obese compared to their NT counterparts. HT Caucasians indicated higher central adrenergic responses whilst HT Africans showed vascular adrenergicresponses. Only NT Africans had lower cortisol values than NT Caucasians but the Africans (NT and HT) responded with higher diastolic blood pressure responses compared to their Caucasian counterparts. Moreover, hs-CRP within African women significantly correlated with all BP and obesity variables whilst hs-CRP only associated with stroke volume (SV) and compliance (Cw) within HT Caucasian women. Cortisol in both ethnic groups was strongly associated with vascular BP responses. Only BP contributed to the higher prevalence of HT in both ethnic groups. In conclusion, these results suggest the possible diverse roles of HPA axis dysregulation associated with higher inflammatory responses. This happens in conjunction with cardiac and vascular responses within more obese Caucasian and especially African women, respectively. / MSc (Physiology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009