The modern gaze developed through a network of changes to perception during the nineteenth century. A significant element within these changes is Walter Benjamin's concept of the 'aura'. This research paper examines the social aura contained in the space of a nineteenth century European city, the aural perception of an individual mobile gaze, and the decay of the aura that results from the decline of experience in the contemporary metropolis. I have linked the decline of experience and loss of aura to the arrival of photography in the 1840's. This new technology had the ability to fix a visual image into a permanent record and as recorder of reality, had a large impact on perception. For example, it had the ability to bring the exotic near, and provide close-ups of natural objects not possible with the naked eye. The camera 'sees' in a different way to how the eye 'sees'', yet photographic seeing is accepted as being the normal mode of perception. It is a way to capture an experience, and to relive this at a later date by providing a reference point for memory; the modern gaze looks back, it lacks a lived experience in the now / Master of Arts (Hons)

This thesis will show that Walter Moers’ novel Der Schrecksenmeister, published in 2007, challenges the convention of the academic canon discussion. Der Schrecksenmeister is a work of fantasy literature; this is not a prestigious genre in the German academic field, and as a result, fantasy literature is not considered part of the literary canon. Due to its high level of intertextuality, however, I believe that this novel makes a claim for its own canonization. One of my research questions is therefore – Which pretexts, or intertextual precursors, are inscribed into Moers’ novel? This intertextuality connects Der Schrecksenmeister with already canonical authors and novels, and is the key that serves to open the literary canon. To begin with, the phenomenon of intertextuality must be defined. Due to the fact that this phenomenon is the subject of a major debate, intertextuality is a murky concept. After a short survey of the various definitions, I will then classify the phenomenon and narrow the definition down for the purpose of this thesis. I use two major works on intertextuality: an anthology by Ulrich Broich and Manfred Pfister entitled Intertextualität. Formen, Funktionen, anglistischen Fallstudien, and Peter Stocker’s work on intertextuality, Theorie der intertextuellen Lektüre. In my opinion, these works define intertextuality very clearly, work against the inaccuracy of the concept in general and provide a consistent definition. Furthermore, in order to make the concept of intertextuality useful for the analysis of this novel, the form and function of the phenomenon are formulated. Additionally, the term “canon” is defined. This concept is also the object of a contentious discussion. For this reason, the general definition of canon is the starting point and must be subsumed under the definitions of the main canon types which are important for this thesis – the “Muster- oder Spitzenkanon” (main or high canon) and “Subkanon” (subcanon). Following this, the connection between intertextuality and canon is discussed. In the analysis, three themes in the novel are chosen to show the form and functions of the intertextuality present in Moers’ text. First, I discuss the motif of talking animals, then the motif of trees, and last but not least the theme of adaption or pastiche of Gottfried Keller’s story Spiegel das Kätzchen. The aim of my analysis is to show the variety of forms and functions of intertextuality, and therefore its importance in this novel. Moreover, the authors and works inscribed into Moers’ story must be classified in order to make a statement about their membership in the academic canon. The result of this analysis is important for the discussion of the canon in the thesis. The last part of this thesis deals with the relationship between intertextuality and canon in this novel. The results of the analysis clearly show the basis of Der Schreckensmeister’s close ties to already canonized works. All of the older works discussed inscribed into Moers’ novel and discussed in the thesis are established classics. Thus it can be argued that Der Schrecksenmeister makes a claim for its own membership in the literary canon.

Abstract This thesis aims to discuss the confrontation between providentialism and nationalism in Walter Ralegh¡¦s History of the World in light of the development of the writing of history. Ralegh¡¦s proclamation in the Preface to write a universal history demonstrates his endeavor to accord the medieval tradition of divine providence with the new concept of nationalism in the English Renaissance. Yet, the integration of the two ideas reveals the polemics intrinsic in the rooted classical tradition resulted from the humanist revival of antiquity in the Renaissance. Nationalism in terms of its increasing emphasis on men as individual entities here is interpreted as a transformation of the classical patriotism towards the special political structure of city-states. Therefore, the former part of the first chapter is focused on the primitive formation of the history from epic to the classical historiography in which men and their activities are the primary concerns in the writing of history. The latter part of the chapter then turns to the maturation of the medieval historiography with the rise of Christianity, in which God is considered to be the first cause leading men to the perfect happiness in heaven. Aside from the different emphases on men and God, these two traditions vary from their discrepant assertions of time. The classical historians insist on the cyclic nature of history in correspondence to the wax and wane of the world, while the medieval theologians hold the notion of a lineal sequence of time. Chapter Two then proposes to depict the historiography of the Renaissance as an integration of these two traditions and a renovation due to the humanist movement and the Protestant Reformation. Chapter Three deals with the theme of divine providence as is theorized in Ralegh¡¦s long exposition of the Preface in his History. Here, the religious application is purposed to inform the readers of two things: God has directed in the course of history the victory of Protestantism; worldly happiness is only finite while the heavenly bliss is eternal. Men shall turn to God for the final salvation by renouncing the pursuit of the worldly desires. Chapter Four is attempted to study the nationalistic elements in Ralegh¡¦s miscellaneous digressions in which many of his political opinions and military advice are delineated. In contrast to his outline of divine providence, Ralegh shows an inconsistent attitude constantly vacillating from his insistence on the Christian belief to his nostalgia of his past glories. This thesis concludes with a further investigation of Ralegh the person and his success and frustration between the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. Ralegh¡¦s undeserved imprisonment becomes one of the reasons that motivates him to write a history as a self-expression to justify his life as a courtier, as a soldier, as an adventurer, and as a Christian man to face his difficulties in a ¡§resolved¡¨ manner. Finally, I shall return to my argument that the conflict between God and men comes from the confrontation of the classical and the medieval focuses. Though Ralegh advocates to live a moderate life that well-balances the two traditions, he still manifests a dilemma in his presenting the incompatibility between providentialism and nationalism in The History of the World with respect to the changeful political powers.

Diss.--Göttingen--Univ. Göttingen, 2000. / Bibliogr. p. [261]-284. Index.

Habil.-Schr. : Philosophie : Berlin Humbolt-Univ. : 1998. / Bibliogr. : p. 273-285. Index.

Reproduction de : Thèse doctorat : Sciences économiques : Lyon 2 : 2006. Reproduction de : Inaugural-Dissertation : Fachbereiches Wirtschaftswissenschaften : Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main : 2000. / Thèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Le 2e volume est une version abrégée en français du 1er volume écrit en allemand. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr.. Index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 228-233). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Zugl.: Mainz, Univ., Diss., 2009

Thesis (S.T.M.)--Concordia Theological Seminary, Ft. Wayne, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-142).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2008. Graduate Programme in Social and Political Thought. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 342-348). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR46012