Vortex motion plays an important role in the transport properties of high Tc superconductors. In the presence of a sufficiently large applied current vortices will drift creating an ohmic resistance in the material, while defects in the material will tend to inhibit their motion. Some types of material defects are more effective at pinning then others, and therefore, above the depinning threshold, may effect the motion of vortices differently. To investigate their motion, voltage noise generated by moving vortices is studied for different material defect types using a nonequilibrium Metropolis Monte Carlo simulation. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics obtained from the simulation for various vortex densities and defect types show features similar to those obtained in experiments. The power spectra generated for point and columnar disorder are then compared for increasing vortex density. Above, but near the depinning threshold, broadband noise associated with plastic vortex flow is observed for columnar defects at low vortex densities, while for higher densities a triangular lattice is obtained along with a washboard signal and higher harmonics. For point defects a washboard signal with higher harmonics is always observed in the region investigated. These results suggest that power spectra for both point and columnar defects are qualitatively similar for higher vortex densities (larger magnetic fields). A second comparison is made by observing, on the one hand, the power spectra for finite linear defects increasing in length and, on the other hand, increasing point defect strength. Power spectra and structure factor results are very similar for these results as well. Both show a trend from an ordered to a disordered system with a washboard peak first increasing and then decreasing in power with increasing pinning efficiency. For both defect types the power spectrum is eventually dominated by broadband noise indicating the approach to the pinned glassy phases. / Ph. D.

Au cours de cette thèse expérimentale et numérique nous avons étudié le comportement d’un empilement de grains dans deux situations différentes. Dans une première partie, une piste en sable est soumise au passage répété de véhicules, sous certaines conditions un motif régulier de rides apparaît spontanément : c’est l’instabilité de tôle ondulée. Ce phénomène, très répandu sur les routes en terre ou en gravier, est bien sûr très gênant pour les automobilistes mais est aussi très dangereux à cause des pertes d’adhérence qu’il provoque. Nous avons alors reproduit ce phénomène à l’échelle du laboratoire et également dans des simulations numériques de dynamique moléculaire de sphères molles. Grâce à ces outils expérimentaux et numériques nous avons pu mettre en évidence certaines propriétés de l’instabilité. Nous avons notamment mesuré la relation de dispersion des rides et mis en évidence que ce phénomène suit une instabilité de type fourche super-critique. En mesurant les contraintes agissant sur le véhicule nous avons alors pu construire une analyse de stabilité linéaire prédisant quantitativement le seuil de l’instabilité ainsi que la longueur d’onde du motif. Enfin, nous avons étudié des cas plus complexes où différents véhicules circulaient simultanément sur la piste. Nous avons également considéré des cas où la piste était humide et donc cohésive. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons étudié le comportement d’un silo rempli de grains soumis à des variations de température. On observe alors un lent fluage de la colonne que nous avons caractérisé. Deux régimes de fluage sont observés selon l’amplitude des cycles de température et nous avons obtenu une expression de la température critique séparant les deux régimes en fonction des paramètres microscopiques des grains (élasticité et rugosité de surface). Nous avons également étudié le mouvement individuel de chaque grain afin d’interpréter la dynamique macroscopique de l’empilement. / In this experimental and numerical thesis we have studied the behavior of a granular assembly in two different situations. In the first part, a sand track is subjected to repeated passages of vehicles, under certain conditions a regular pattern of ripples appears spontaneously: this is known as the washboard road instability. This phenomenon, very common on dirt roads, is of course annoying for drivers but is also very dangerous because of the lack of adhesion it causes. We reproduced this instability with a laboratory scale set-up and also thanks to soft spheres molecular dynamics simulations. With these experimental and numerical tools we have highlighted some properties of instability. In particular, we have measured the dispersion relation of the pattern and shown that this phenomenon follows pitchfork instability. By measuring the stress acting on the vehicle we were then able to build a linear stability analysis that predicts quantitatively the threshold of the instability and the wavelength of the pattern. Finally, we have studied more complex cases where several vehicles were simultaneously on the track. We have also considered the case where the track was wet and therefore cohesive. In a second part, we have studied the behavior of a silo filled with grains subjected to temperature variations. A slow creep motion of the grains in the column is observed. Two flow regimes are observed according to the amplitude of temperature cycles. We obtained an expression of the critical temperature between the two regimes as a function of the microscopic parameters of the grains (elasticity and surface roughness). We have also studied the motion of each individual grain in order to interpret the macroscopic dynamics of the pile.

Majoriteten av geomorfologin i Sveriges landskap är produkten av den senaste nedisningen som avslutades för ca 8000 år sedan. De Geer-morän är en typ av moränavlagring som härstammar från denna nedisning. De Geer-moränavlagringarna har ett omdebatterat bildningssätt samt är landformer med en omtvistad innebörd i landskapen världen över. Vad är det som moränavlagringarna återspeglar? Är det avlagringar från svämmande glaciärer, avlagringar formade vid grundstötningslinjen för en ryckvis avsmältande glaciär eller kanske avlagringar bildade av sammanpressat material i basala sprickor hos en glaciär? Diskussionen om De Geer-moränen har varit långvarig och teorierna är många. Här är forskningen inte överens. Det förefaller också att studerad De Geer-morän på olika platser världen över inte nödvändigtvis behöver ha haft samma bildningsätt. I Sverige förekommer De Geer-morän främst i två områden, längs med kusten i Norrbotten och Västerbotten, samt vid den mellansvenska israndzonen. I dessa områden förekommer moränavlagringarna som små ryggar i svärmar med några meters höjd. De studier som gjorts i Sverige om De Geer-morän har förklarligt nog tenderat att fokusera på dessa två större områden. Men, utöver dessa två större områden finns det också ett mycket mindre område beläget längs med Sveriges västkust, ett område med samma typ av moränavlagringar. De Geer-moränen här, benämnda Hallands kustmorän, är både äldre och färre, dessutom är senaste nedisningens avsmältning i detta område mer ovisst. I denna uppsats gjordes ett försök till att övergripligt redogöra för några av de presenterade teorierna som föreligger De Geer-moränens bildningssätt. Uppsatsen syftar till att studera och kartera De Geer-moränen belägen längs med Sveriges västkust med hjälp av höjddata och sedan jämföra dessa avlagringar med den teori som presenteras i bakgrunden för denna uppsats. De Geer-moränen kommer även att jämföras med en isavsmältningsrekonstruktion gjord i programmet ICESHEET 1.0, med lokala karterade isräfflor i området samt även analyseras utifrån beskrivningarna till SGUs utgivna jordartskartor. Förhoppningen var att denna uppsatsen skulle kunna bringa mer klarhet om omfattningen och utbredningen av De Geer-moränen längs med Sveriges västkust. Resultatet som erhölls presenterades bland annat visuellt med framtagna kartbilder. Några av de slutsatser som kunde dras utifrån denna studie var att De Geer-moränen längs med Sveriges västkust är starkt påverkade av svallning och överlagring av yngre sediment vilket gjorde dem svåra att upptäcka i landskapet. Högst troligt är det att förekomsten av De Geer-morän längs med Sveriges västkust är större än vad som syns vid dagens marknivå på grund av överlagring, dessutom tyder mycket på att avlagringarna fortsätter ut i Kungsbackafjorden och Kattegatt. Det gick för det studerade området att se att det fanns ett samband mellan jorddjup och förekomsten av De Geer-morän. Ryggarna var främst avlagrade ovanpå drumliner och förekom främst i områden med ett jorddjup på ≥ 5m. Det gick inte att dra några slutsatser om De Geer-moränens bildningssätt i området. / Most of the geomorphology in the Swedish landscape is a product of the last deglaciation that ended about 8000 years ago. De Geer moraine is moraine deposits that has debated origins as well as debated implications worldwide. What message does the deposits send? What kind of conditions do they reflect? Are they perhaps the deposits of surging glaciers, or deposits formed at the grounding lines of melting glaciers or perhaps are they squeezed ridges formed in basal crevasses of glaciers? The discussion in research worldwide about the origin of these features have been going on for a long time and there is a lot of different theories about how the deposits are formed. The De Geer moraines in Sweden are mainly located in two larger areas, one of them being along the east coast in Norrbotten and Västerbotten, and the other one being a large belt of deposits that are located parallel to the big Swedish lake Vänern. The majority of the published articles about De Geer moraine in Sweden are therefore understandably about these two larger areas, however there are also a much smaller area of De Geer moraine along Sweden’s west coast. These deposits are called Halland’s coastal moraines and are not studied to the same extent as the other two areas. This bachelor thesis aims to, in a general way, describe some of the different theories there are about the formation of these ridges. The purpose of this thesis is to study and map the De Geer moraine along the Swedish west coast and compare them to the theory featured in the background of this paper. The ridges will then also be studied on the basis of a glacier melting reconstruction in the computer software ICESHEET 1.0, of ice striations in the area and lastly on the basis of the descriptions to the quaternary maps published by Geological Survey of Sweden. Hopefully, this paper will bring some clarity about the De Geer moraine ridges along the Swedish west coast. The results from this thesis were presented visually in different types of map sheets. Some of the conclusions that could be drawn from this bachelor thesis was that ridges along the Swedish west coast were both wave-washed and superimposed by younger sediments which therefore made them hard to both map and distinguish. There is a high probability that the occurrence of De Geer moraine is much larger in the area than what could be seen at today’s ground level. Also, the distribution of the ridges suggested that they continued out in Kattegatt and the Kungsbackafjord. In general, the ridges were superimposed on drumlins and there was shown to be a connection between soil depth and the occurrence of De Geer moraine, the ridges mainly occurred where the soil depth were ≥5 metres. Despite of this, no conclusion could be drawn about the formation of the features.

Cette thèse, composée de deux parties, porte sur l’étude d’instabilités au sein d’un milieugranulaire.La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l’instabilité de tôle ondulée, c’est-àdirel’apparition d’un motif de rides sur une piste soumise au passage répété de véhicules.Nos travaux expérimentaux ainsi que des simulations numériques de dynamique moléculairenous ont permis de progresser dans la compréhension de ce phénomène. Pour uneroue rigide tirée à vitesse constante, nous avons étudié quantitativement l’impact de lacohésion du milieu granulaire sur les caractéristiques de l’instabilité : vitesse critique, longueurd’onde et taux de croissance. Nous avons enfin entrepris des études préliminairessur un fluide à seuil simple : un microgel de carbopol.Dans la seconde partie, nous étudions la ségrégation granulaire au sein des astéroïdeslâches. Plusieurs indices montrent qu’un grand nombre d’entre eux sont des empilementsde grains, sans cohésion interne et liés par la gravité. Leur répartition n’est pas homogène,avec des zones lisses recouvertes de fines poussières et d’autres où s’accumulent les grosblocs. Nous avons simulé numériquement un empilement granulaire et nous l’avons soumisà des secousses répétées : nous avons réussi à reproduire la ségrégation. Nous avonsétudié l’influence des paramètres physiques et numériques sur le niveau de ségrégation etla dynamique du phénomène. Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés aux phénomènes physiquespouvant causer la ségrégation : convection granulaire, tamisage cinétique, pressionde déplétion, etc. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence une instabilité azimutale qui peutexpliquer les observations faites pendant les missions spatiales. / This thesis, consisting of two parts, is focusing on instabilities into a granular assembly.The first part deals with washboard road instability, which is the growth of a ripplepattern on a track subjected to repeated passages of vehicles. Our experimental work aswell as soft spheres numerical simulations provide us a better understanding of this phenomenon.In the case of a rigid wheel dragged at constant velocity, we quantitatively studiedthe impact of the cohesion into the granular media on the main features of the instability :critical velocity, wavelength and growth rates. Finally, we have begun preliminary studieson a yield stress fluid, namely a carbopol microgel.The second part is devoted to the granular segregation in asteroids. Several keys showthat a significant part of them are rubble-piles, without internal cohesion and held togetherby their weak self-gravity. The distribution of grains is heterogeneous : while some regionsconsist in fine sand or powder, large boulders seem to accumulate in other parts. Wenumerically simulated a granular pile and subjected it to repeated quakes : we managedto reproduce segregation. We studied the influence of physical and numerical parameterson the segregation level and the dynamics of the phenomenon. We also investigate variouscauses of the segregation : granular convection, kinetic sieving, depletion pressure, etc.Finally, we highlighted an azimuthal segregation which can explain observations duringspatial missions.