People of the modern world consume more than they ever used to do. Because of the close correlation between consumption and the amount of waste, the waste volume is also expected to increase. The purpose of this study is to examine if some measures in the recycling process from Sweden could be implemented in Indonesia. In fact, Indonesia is one of the countries in which the waste management system is struggling. Tetra Pak, one of the world leading producer of food packaging, is studied in this report. Tetra Paks recycling rate of their beverage cartons is relatively low, 8.42 %, in Indonesia compared with their recycling rate in other countries. To answer the purpose, information was collected from scientific reports, by interviews carried out in both Sweden and Indonesia and by study visits in Indonesia. The results of the study shows that there are measures which could be made in the recycling process to increase the recycling rate in Indonesia. School projects and deposit systems could increase the collection rate and a drumscreen and a buffertank could make the recycling process more profitable for the papermills. There is also some alternative end products which could make the whole recycling process more public visible. One of the conclusions of this study is that the paper mills should adjust their drumscreens, this to increase the fibre yield which is crucial for the recycling value. Another conclusions is that Tetra Pak should consider to initiate a recycling business by their own, in order to reduce the burden on the environment.

A Deep Geologic Repository is proposed for a site on the eastern margin of the Michigan Basin at a depth of 680 metres in the Cobourg Formation. A study of the paleo-hydrogeolgical conditions for the area was conducted using numerical simulation of the distribution of natural tracers and the observed hydraulic head. To conduct the study, simulations of the groundwater flow systems were developed for hydraulic head generated from glacial loading cycles to study its effects on advective solute transport. The hydro-mechanical loading during the glacial cycles is assessed using numerical analysis of coupled stress and porewater pressure. The effect of density-dependent flow was assessed in a second study to estimate the degree of penetration of glacially-derived water driven into the basin during periods of glacial loading. Numerical simulations were used to explore the potential freshwater invasion pathways under a variety of conditions. Finally, profiles of 18O and 2H measured in porewater were combined with our understanding of the paleo-hydrogeological conditions derived from the studies above to test the hypothesis that solute transport was diffusion-dominated in this setting. A series of pure diffusion and advection-diffusion models were developed and the results were compared with profiles of natural water isotopes obtained from the study area. The results of the hydro-mechanical study of glacial impact show the development of significant underpressure during the interstadial periods, especially in the lowest permeability formations. The results also show that the formations have not reached hydrostatic conditions at the present time. These results were verified by comparison to measured environmental heads obtained from the study site. The density-dependent modeling showed that freshwater is capable of reaching the location of the study site through several permeable features. The transport simulations showed that the evolution time starting from a uniform initial condition, and using boundary conditions that are defined by freshwater invasion at several depths agrees with the hydro-geological history of this part of the Basin. The results also show the importance of advection on solute transport from the upper and lower boundaries even in rock of extremely low permeability. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2014-05-30 10:18:01.286

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Solid waste management in low income developing countries is generally the responsibility of the official sector, such as municipal corporations. However, there are extensive inputs from the from the private informal sector in waste collection, separation and recycling. Four different activities in the private informal sector have been studied to identify the potential of their integration with the official system. Where integration means that the official sector accepts those practices and incorporates them into existing practices and future plans. All the cases have been selected from the city of Karachi, Pakistan. A multiple case study approach was adopted to assess the potential for integration, constraints to integration, attitudes, relationships and dependencies. It has been concluded that under the present circumstances, the private informal activities in solid waste management cannot be integrated formally with the official system. The main constraints to integration are public and municipal attitudes, the interrelationships and dependencies, interference by politicians and the lack of understanding on the wide range benefits of integration. Future models must be developed on the private informal practices within the official systems, such as primary collection of waste through municipal sweepers. A number of benefits of the private informal practices were also highlighted by the research which may be considered as opportunities once integration takes place. The recommendations include a number of actions and potential policy changes which could be done to promote integration and a better partnership between the private informal and the public sector.

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The aiin of this research is to investigate the process by which techniques for the remedial treatment of contaminated land evolve. This is accomplished through the study of the relationships between: environmental policy and law; industrial practice; and research and development. Previous studies of the barriers and driving forces of such development have tended to be from a technical point of view. However, this research aims to explore the dynamics of technological innovation. Structured interviews, questionnaires and case studies were used to collect qualitative data from a cross section of the contaminated land industry. Interview transcripts were produced and subsequently, after consultation with the interviewees, presented as synoptic summaries including contextual information. Ile interview, questionnairea nd case study information is critically assessedw ith referencet o relevant contextual information. The following areas are discussed: public opinion; regulation and policy; uncertainty and development; political lobbying; measures intended to stimulate the use of treatment techniques; and, the relationship between vendors, consultants and property developers. It is concluded that: the development of treatment techniques is dependent upon the incremental accumulation of knowledge by politicians, scientists and the developers of remedial treatment techniques and that differences in these phenomena can result in "friction" in relation to the development of remedial treatment techniques. Particular emphasis is placed upon the adoption of pragmatic, deregulatory approachest o the regulation of contaminatedl and and the adoption of risk managementa pproachesI.t is emphasised that uncertainty relating to the performance of treatment techniques remains, particularly in relation to treatment time and cost. It is concluded that the commercial success of a treatment technique depends as much upon its ability to comply with the managerial constraints on the redevelopment process as upon its technical proficiency.