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This thesis presents work relating to the synthesis, structure and stability of various arsenate phases having potential to immobilise high concentration arsenic wastes. Such wastes arise from mining and hydrometallurgy operations and the high arsenic concentrations, arising in tailings dams for example, represent an environmental concern. Large quantities of highly contaminated waste sludge are also generated by the co-precipitations of arsenic on ferric hydroxide floccs from low arsenic concentration waste streams. The disposal of this waste is becoming a prominent issue when cleaning minesite run off and drinking water. It is important therefore to consider the environmental impact of discarded arsenic residues and this project addresses the potential for its immobilisation in low stability minerals capable of return to mine sites. Two groups of phases with the potential for immobilisation of arsenic and other toxic metals are studied in this thesis. The first group are zinc arsenate zeolite analogues. These open framework structures also present the possibility of immobilization of other waste materials by ion exchange. The second group are a series of cadmium arsenate phases, which offer the potential for cadmium and arsenic immobilisation. This thesis examines the crystal structure, and synthesis of both groups of phases and examines their solubility and stability thus assessing their potential as waste immobilisation tools. The results of these studies has shown that although it is possible to make phases which are entirely composed of waste metals these phases are not stable enough for direct use in waste immobilisation processes. The crystal structures of several previously unpublished phases have been determined and a solubility product has been calculated for one of the phases.

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The purpose of the study was to determine how the waste from m-Endo agar LES (LesEndo) should be categorized and managed, due to its content of the carcinogenic substance basic red 9 in basic fuchsine. The information was obtained by studying legislation and a laboratory practical was performed to verify, if basic fuchsine could remain in LesEndo agar after being heated. This was important to know for the further interpretation how to categorize and manage the waste according to the legislation. LesEndo agar was autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 and 30 minutes. E. coli and coliform bacteria was put to grow on the LesEndo agar. The results from the study showed that all replicas had coliform colonies, which appeared with a metallic fuchsine-sheen. This verified that basic fuchsine was unchanged and that there was no significant difference in growth between replicas with heated agar and the control. The total concentration of basic fuchsine in LesEndo agar was 0.08%. To be categorized as hazardous waste the threshold value for basic red 9 is 0.1%. According to a strict interpretation of the legislation, waste from used LesEndo agar should not be categorized and managed as hazardous waste. However, evaporation has to be taken into consideration and the concentration may be above 0.1%. Therefore my evaluation is that waste from used LesEndo agar should be categorized and managed as hazardous waste to protect humans and the environment from being harmed.

SANTRAUKA Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakultetas Reabilitacijos, sporto medicinos ir slaugos institutas Slaugos magistrantūros programa MEDICINOS ATLIEKŲ SUSIDARYMAS IR TVARKYMAS SVEIKATOS PRIEŽIŪROS ĮSTAIGOJE Slaugos magistro baigiamasis darbas Darbo autorė: Zyta Kuzborska Darbo vadovas: doc. dr. Saulius Vainauskas Vilnius, 2009 m. Pagrindinės sąvokos: medicinos atliekos, pavojingos atliekos. Temos aktualumas: pastaruoju metu didėjantys medicinos atliekų kiekiai verčia atlikti papildomus atliekų judėjimo ligoninėje tyrimus, nustatyti, ar taikomi būdai užtikrins greitą ir patikimą atliekų naikinimą ir žmonių saugą. Darbo tikslas: įvertinti medicinos atliekų susidarymą ir tvarkymą Viešojoje įstaigoje Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikose. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrineti medicinos atliekų teisinę bazę. Medicinos atliekų teisinės bazės analizė; 2. Nustatyti medicinos atliekų susidarymo kiekį per metus Viešojoje įstaigoje Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikose; 3. Įvertinti medicinos atliekų rūšiavimo, tvarkymo ir utilizacijos kelius. Tyrimo objektas ir metodika. Tyrimo objektas – Viešoji įstaiga Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikos. Tyrimui atlikti buvo pasirinktas anketinės apklausos metodas. Respondentai parinkti naudojant netikimybinės atrankos atsitiktinį patogųjį būdą. Tyrime dalyvavo 103 respondentai. Gauti atsakymų variantai buvo apdorojami kiekybiniu būdu. Duomenys įvertinti „SPSS for Windows 13.0“ programa. Svarbiausi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / SUMMARY Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine Institute of Rehabilitation, Sport Medicine and Nursing Master’s degree Nursing Programme THE FORMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE MEDICAL WASTE IN THE HEALTH CARE INSTITUTION Master’s degree final scientific research work Author of the master’s degree scientific research work: Zyta Kuzborska Head of the master’s degree scientific research work: doc. dr. Saulius Vainauskas Vilnius, 2009 Keywords: medical waste, dangerous waste. Subject relevance: Recently medical waste amounts are increasing therefore it is necessary to make extra researches of waste movement in the hospital. To evaluate if applied methods will secure fast and secure waste disposal and human safety. The aim of the work: „To evaluate medical waste formation and management in the Public institution Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos.“ The targets of the work: 1. To analyse medical waste juridical basis. The analysis of medical waste juridical basis. 2. To estimate medical waste formation amounts per year in the Public institution Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos. 3. To value medical waste sorting, management and utilization ways. The object and methodology of the research: The object of the research - Public institution Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos. Questionnaire method was used for the investigation. 103 respondents took place in the investigation. Get answers versions were processed using the quantitative way. The data... [to full text]

Title: Food waste from grocery stores in Umeå- the potential for taking care of and reducing the amount of food waste. Author: Helene Myhrberg Abstract Food waste from grocery stores is an increasing problem in Sweden, and amounts to roughly 67 000 ton per year. This has consequences both for sustainability in general, but also for achieving the targets stipulated by the EU. Given this, it should be relevant for the society that grocery stores both decrease the amount of food waste but also develop better ways of dealing with food waste. Although there exist methods for this, the practicability of such measures are unknown. In this thesis I assess these issues by conducting interviews with owners and employees at five grocery stores in Umeå, asking them how they think about these questions. In particular, I focus on how to take care of and prepare food waste for anaerobic digestion and how to decrease volumes of food waste. In essence, I find that both the knowledge of, and interest in, these issues vary substantially between grocery stores. Further, for these measures to be feasible, it requires the process to be both economically efficient while not requiring too much time of work. With this in mind, it seems necessary to have a facility that can take care of both packed and unpackaged food waste, making it as cheap and simple as possible for the grocery stores. For reducing volumes of waste, most grocery stores agrees on better planning as the way to go. Key words: food waste, grocery stores, anaerobic digestion, decreasing of food waste.

This thesis evaluates the waste management system in the province of Manitoba, Canada and other jurisdictions to identify best practices for, and barriers and opportunities to, improving its impact on the environment. Multiple methods were used. First, a survey of expert stakeholders in the waste management sector in Manitoba was conducted, which was followed by an expert stakeholder meeting that further refined the results of the survey. Second, waste management systems of Manitoba, Canada, Nova Scotia, Canada, New South Wales, Australia, and Denmark were compared to determine which of the options already in use by other jurisdictions might be useful in Manitoba. Finally, an estimation of the amount of organic waste entering landfills in Manitoba was conducted, along with an estimation of the resulting methane emissions from landfills to determine their greenhouse gas emissions.