No description available.

Integrating an intermittent aeration for the treatment of combined dilute and anaerobic digested swine wastewater in a field swine wastewater treatment system was investigated. Four operations models in term of ratio of aeration to no-aeration of 60:36, 5:1, 4:2 and 3:3 hour were evaluated. At the HRT of 3.2 days and ration of aeration to non-aeration of 3:3, the removal efficiency of BOD5, Total-N, TSS and Total-P of 98.0%, 92.4%, 95.6% and 59.4% could be achieved, respectively. The effluent quality of BOD5, NO3ˉ–N, NH4+–N and TSS concentrations were 35±12mg/l, 2.6±0.8 mg/l, 36±28 mg/l and 78±13 mg/l, respectively. The operational criteria were developed for integrating the intermittent aeration in the swine wastewater treatment system (including anaerobic reactors and sedimentation unit). Economical evaluation of the swine wastewater treatment system integrating the intermittent aeration unit was conducted. It was found that break even point was the operation of 166 pigs if the biogas and stabilized sludge were utilized. If the byproducts were not utilized, the cost of the treatment system are $12.30, $7.92, $7.21, $7.06 and $6.09 for the operation of 300, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 pigs per year, respectively. Integrating the intermittent aeration unit in the swine waste treatment system provides the effective odor control, reduction of energy cost and treated wastewater reuse without creating the deterioration of environmental quality. / Thesis (M. S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 172-180).UHM: Has both book and microform. / U.S Geological Survey/ Water Resource Research Institute (FY 95/96)

Thesis (MTech. degree in Water Care ) - Tshwane University of Technology, 2007. / This research project investigated the total nitrogen removal capabilities of a nitrification and denitrification system treating two medium strength municipal landfill leachates. The characteristics of the leachates differed as one was obtained from general waste (GLB+) and the other from mixed industrial and general waste (H:h). This project was commissioned to develop a leachate treatment philosophy and a leachate management plan for the Vissershok landfill site near Cape Town. The aim of this leachate treatment trial project was to establish leachate treatability of different types of leachate, characterise leachate and effluent quality, determine alkalinity requirements, assess hydraulic retention periods and sludge production and confirm whether leachate quality can inhibit successful treatment in a sequencing batch reactor system. The two units were operated as simple Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs) by treating the leachate in a biological treatment process. Both units were initially seeded with activated sludge obtained from a sewage treatment works. Provision was made to supplement carbonaceous nutrient and phosphorus to the system. In the first stage of the study a controlled nitrification system was maintained to treat ammoniacal-nitrogen and the next stage denitrification was used to treat nitrate and nitrite-nitrogen levels. A completely automated daily cycle was used to treat the leachate and altered according to process requirements. The results showed that during nitrification ammoniacal-nitrogen concentrations as high as 2032.4 mg/l were consistently reduced to less than 0.1 mg/l. Similarly, for denitrification, nitrate-and nitrite-nitrogen concentrations were also consistently reduced to less than 0.1 mg/l, with a methanol utilisation ratio of CH3OH:N at 4.80:1. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies were in the range 57-65% depending on loading rates applied. In conclusion it was shown that: (a) the biodegradable organics (COD) was reduced considerably (b) complete nitrification and denitrification occurred (c) no constituents of the leachate caused inhibition of the biological process.

No description available.

The presence of hydrogen sulfide in a ground water source is noted by its rather obnoxious odor, similar to a "rotten egg". Concentrations as low as 0.05 ppm are noticeable, therefore, almost its entire removal is demanded prior to potable consumption. Hydrogen sulfide is formed primarily by the decomposition of organic matter in anaerobic conditions. Removal of this gas has been accomplished by means of aeration, detention, and chlorination over the years. The mechanisms behind each of these processes are complex and discussed in this paper. During the course of this investigation, a literature survey concerning the mature and sources of hydrogen sulfide, its removal by aeration and detention, and the experimental methodology has been conducted. Samples were collected from two ground water locations in Central Florida, namely City of Apopka Terrace Plant, and the City of Maitland Thistle Plant. These samples were taken before and after aeration and detained in containers similar to the storage tank dimensions. These samples were tested for Hydrogen Sulfide and pH with respect to time. The aerators were determined to remove 13 to 15 percent H2S, respectively. The pH values ranged between 7 - 8 prior to detention and rose slowly during H2S ionization to 8-8.6. Both locations were evaluated to determine the most economic operating conditions. Ideally, Apopka should be removing between 30 - 40 percent by means of aeration, and Maitland, between 40 - 50 percent. Chlorination will remove the remaining H2S. Although the existing aerators were operating less than their optimum removal range, they should remain in service. This is based on deducting the aerator "sunk costs" from the economic evaluation. Efforts should be encouraged to improve aerator efficiencies by increased agitation, contact time, and weir overflow rates in the aerator trays. These measures should increase the H2S reaction rate and improve its removal. Detention only removes the odor problem, but the chlorine demand still remains, as exerted by the forms HS- and S=.

Cost effective oxygenation equipment design and operation in high density recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) requires consideration of the effects of RAS component design, water quality, and biological processes on oxygen transfer requirements. A computer model was developed to simulate multi-component gas transfer and biological respiration in a pilot scale recirculating aquaculture system employing an u-tube aerator. Gas transfer and/or biological respiration are modeled for all system components; production tank, multi-tube clarifier, rotating biological contactor and the u-tube. The calibrated model predicted equilibrium oxygen concentrations in the production tank to within ± 1 mg/L in the validation tests. The model was then used to investigate techniques to reduce oxygen transfer costs associated with aquaculture in the RAS located at the Virginia Tech Aquaculture Research Facility. / Master of Science

Mais de 50% da dose de radiação efetiva anual recebida por um ser humano está relacionada com o Radônio e seus produtos. Os principasis mecanismos que levam o Radônio no interior das residências são a emanação do solo e a liberação do Radônio na água. Esse trabalho apresenta uma proposta de mitigação, método para redução de Radônio-222 em níveis de água de poço, utilizando o processo de aeração da água e medidas da concentração de Radônio -222 nas águas e solo. As amostras foram coletadas em poço e solo na região do Pinheirinho em Curitiba, Brasil. As medidas foram realizadas durante o período de Fevereiro a Junho de 2011, sendo analisadas em média dez amostras de cada coleta de água, entre elas oito sob o processo de aeração. As medidas foram obtidas com a câmara de ionização Radon Professional Monitor (AlfaGUARD), aparelho que verifica a concentração de Radônio na faixa de 2 - 2x106 Bq/L, ajustado em um fluxo de 0,5L/min, em um tempo aproximado de 60 minutos, no Laboratório de Radiações Ionizantes da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR). Os níveis de concentração de Radônio-222 foram medidos através do software AlfaEXPERT, e formulações adequadas caracterizaram a concentração desse gás em água corrigindo o tempo de decaimento devido ao atraso da coleta das amostras em relação às medições. O método de mitigação utilizado foi o de aeração, chamado Aeração Difusora, na qual ocorre a gaseificação da água em um processo de injeção de ar por um aerador conectado em uma placa porosa durante um período de 24 horas em 4 dias, já que a meia-vida do Radônio é cerca de 3,82 dias, para a diminuição da concentração de Radônio-222 nas amostras. Inicialmente as amostras apresentaram concentrações de Radônio-222 de aproximadamente 20 Bq/L, nível acima de 11,11 Bq/L recomendado pela USEPA (Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos). Após aplicar a medida de mitigação nessas amostras de água, as concentrações de Radônio-222 diminuíram satisfatoriamente e ficaram abaixo do valor esperado pelo decaimento natural do gás. / More than 50% of the effective annual radiation dose received by a human being is related to the Radon and its progeny. Among main mechanisms that bring Radon inside the dwelling are the soil emanation and radon release from the water. This present work represents a proposal of mitigation, method to reduce Radon-222 levels in well water, using the process of water aeration and measurements of Radon-222 in the water and soil. Samples were collected in a pit and soil in the region of "Pinheirinho" in the city of "Curitiba" Brazil. The Measurements were taken during the period of February till June of 2011, being analyzed by an average of ten samples of each water collected, among them eight were under the process of aeration. The measurements were obtained with ionization chamber Randon Professional Monitor (AlfaGUARD), a device that checks concentrations of Radon in the range of 2-2x106 Bq/L, adjusted in a flow of 0.5L/min, with approximate time of 60 minutes, in the laboratory for Ionizing Radiation of the Univeristy " Federal do Parana" (UTFPR). The levels of concentration of Radon-222 were measured by the software called AlfaEXPERT, and suitable formulations characterized the concentration of this gas in the water by correcting the time decay due to the delay in the collection of samples for measurements. The method of mitigation used was aeration, called Diffusing Aeration, in which there is the gasification of water in a process that injects air by an aerator connected in a porous plate during a period of 24 hours in 4 days, since the half life of Radon is approximately 3,82 days, for the reduction of the concentration of Radon-222 on samples. Initially samples had concentrations of Radon-222 aproximately from 20 Bq/L, a level above 11.11 Bq/L recomended by USEPA (United States Enviromental Protection Agency). After Applying the measurements to mitigate these samples of water, the concentration of Radono-222 decreased satisfactorily and remained below the expected value by the natural decaying of the water.

Mais de 50% da dose de radiação efetiva anual recebida por um ser humano está relacionada com o Radônio e seus produtos. Os principasis mecanismos que levam o Radônio no interior das residências são a emanação do solo e a liberação do Radônio na água. Esse trabalho apresenta uma proposta de mitigação, método para redução de Radônio-222 em níveis de água de poço, utilizando o processo de aeração da água e medidas da concentração de Radônio -222 nas águas e solo. As amostras foram coletadas em poço e solo na região do Pinheirinho em Curitiba, Brasil. As medidas foram realizadas durante o período de Fevereiro a Junho de 2011, sendo analisadas em média dez amostras de cada coleta de água, entre elas oito sob o processo de aeração. As medidas foram obtidas com a câmara de ionização Radon Professional Monitor (AlfaGUARD), aparelho que verifica a concentração de Radônio na faixa de 2 - 2x106 Bq/L, ajustado em um fluxo de 0,5L/min, em um tempo aproximado de 60 minutos, no Laboratório de Radiações Ionizantes da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR). Os níveis de concentração de Radônio-222 foram medidos através do software AlfaEXPERT, e formulações adequadas caracterizaram a concentração desse gás em água corrigindo o tempo de decaimento devido ao atraso da coleta das amostras em relação às medições. O método de mitigação utilizado foi o de aeração, chamado Aeração Difusora, na qual ocorre a gaseificação da água em um processo de injeção de ar por um aerador conectado em uma placa porosa durante um período de 24 horas em 4 dias, já que a meia-vida do Radônio é cerca de 3,82 dias, para a diminuição da concentração de Radônio-222 nas amostras. Inicialmente as amostras apresentaram concentrações de Radônio-222 de aproximadamente 20 Bq/L, nível acima de 11,11 Bq/L recomendado pela USEPA (Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos). Após aplicar a medida de mitigação nessas amostras de água, as concentrações de Radônio-222 diminuíram satisfatoriamente e ficaram abaixo do valor esperado pelo decaimento natural do gás. / More than 50% of the effective annual radiation dose received by a human being is related to the Radon and its progeny. Among main mechanisms that bring Radon inside the dwelling are the soil emanation and radon release from the water. This present work represents a proposal of mitigation, method to reduce Radon-222 levels in well water, using the process of water aeration and measurements of Radon-222 in the water and soil. Samples were collected in a pit and soil in the region of "Pinheirinho" in the city of "Curitiba" Brazil. The Measurements were taken during the period of February till June of 2011, being analyzed by an average of ten samples of each water collected, among them eight were under the process of aeration. The measurements were obtained with ionization chamber Randon Professional Monitor (AlfaGUARD), a device that checks concentrations of Radon in the range of 2-2x106 Bq/L, adjusted in a flow of 0.5L/min, with approximate time of 60 minutes, in the laboratory for Ionizing Radiation of the Univeristy " Federal do Parana" (UTFPR). The levels of concentration of Radon-222 were measured by the software called AlfaEXPERT, and suitable formulations characterized the concentration of this gas in the water by correcting the time decay due to the delay in the collection of samples for measurements. The method of mitigation used was aeration, called Diffusing Aeration, in which there is the gasification of water in a process that injects air by an aerator connected in a porous plate during a period of 24 hours in 4 days, since the half life of Radon is approximately 3,82 days, for the reduction of the concentration of Radon-222 on samples. Initially samples had concentrations of Radon-222 aproximately from 20 Bq/L, a level above 11.11 Bq/L recomended by USEPA (United States Enviromental Protection Agency). After Applying the measurements to mitigate these samples of water, the concentration of Radono-222 decreased satisfactorily and remained below the expected value by the natural decaying of the water.

Hydrogen sulfide is commonly found in many Florida potable groundwater supplies. Removing sulfur species, particularly hydrogen sulfide is important because if left untreated, sulfide can impact finished water quality, corrosivity, create undesirable taste and odor, and oxidize to form visible turbidity and color. This document presents the results of a study designed to investigate the removal efficiencies of a variety of tray aerators in Central Florida in order to develop a predictive mathematical model that could be used to determine tray effectiveness for sulfide removal. A literature review was performed that indicated there was limited information regarding the removal of hydrogen sulfide using conventional tray aerators, and no information regarding the removal of total sulfide from tray aerators. There was significantly more information available in the literature regarding the usefulness of sulfide removal technologies from water supplies. Consequently, the lack of literature regarding sulfide removal using tray aerators suggested that there was a need for additional research focused on sulfide removal from water flowing thru tray aerators. Several water purveyors that relied on tray aerators as a part of their water treatment operations were contacted and requested to participate in the study; three water purveyors agreed to allow the University of Central Florida (UCF) to enter their secured sites to collect samples and conduct this study. The three facilities included the UCF‘s water treatment plant located in Orlando and situated in eastern Orange County, the City of Lake Hamilton‘s water treatment plant located in west-central Polk County, and the Sarasota-Verna water treatment plant located in western Sarasota County. An experimental plan was developed and field sampling protocols were implemented to evaluate sulfide removal in commonly used tray aerators at the three drinking water treatment facilities. Total iv sulfide concentrations passing through the trays were determined in the field at each site using a standard iodometric analytical technique. In addition, other water quality parameters collected included dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, total dissolved solids and total suspended solids; these samples were collected and analyzed either in the field or at the UCF laboratory. A first-order empirical model was developed that predicted sulfide removal in tray aerators. The model‘s constant was evaluated with respect to the water‘s proton concentration [H + ], the tray aerator‘s surface area, and hydraulic flow rate thru the trays. The selected model took the form of Cn=C0 (10-kn ) where Cn is the sulfide remaining after aeration in mg/L, C0 is the sulfide entering the distribution tray in mg/L, n is the number of tray stages in the aerator, and . From the empirical model, it was shown that sulfide removal was negatively impacted as the proton concentration (H+ ) decreased, and flow increased. Conversely, it was observed that increased sulfide removal occurred as the available tray aerator surface area increased. The combined parameters of proton concentration, flow rate, and area were statistically evaluated and used to develop an empirical constant that could be used in a first order model to predict sulfide removal in tray aerators. Using a site-specific derived experimental (empirical) constant, a water purveyor could use the developed model from this work to accurately predict sulfide removal in a tray aerator by simply measuring the total sulfide content in any raw groundwater supply and then providing the desired number of tray stages available for treatment.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Chemical Engineering)-Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, 2005 1 v. (various pagings) / In bubble-less aeration oxygen diffuses through the membrane in a molecular form and dissolves in the liquid. Oxygen is fed through the lumen side of silicone rubber tube. On the outer surface of the membrane there is a boundary layer that is created by oxygen. This then gets transported to the bulk liquid by convective transport created by water circulation through the pump. The driving force of the convective transport is due to concentration difference between the dissolved oxygen in water and oxygen saturation concentration in water at a particular temperature and pressure. The design of a membrane aerated bioreactor needs an understanding of the factors that govern oxygen mass transfer. It is necessary to know the effects of operating conditions and design configurations. Although various methods of bubble-less aeration have been reported, there still exists a lack of knowledge on the immersed membrane systems. This study is aiming at contributing to the development of an immersed membrane bioreactor using silicone rubber tubular membrane as means of providing oxygen. The secondary objective was to investigate the influence that the operating conditions and module configuration have on the system behaviour. From the experimental study, the characteristic dissolved oxygen -time curve show that there is a saturation limit equivalent to the equilibrium dissolved oxygen concentration, after which there is no increase in dissolved oxygen with time. At ambient conditions the equilibrium dissolved oxygen is approximately 8 mg/L. This is when water is in contact with air at one atmospheric pressure. At the same conditions the equilibrium dissolved oxygen concentration when water is in contact with pure oxygen is approximately 40 mg/L. This is why all the experiments were conducted from 2mg/L dissolved oxygen concentration in water, to enable enough time to reach equilibrium so as to determine mass transfer coefficient. The most important parameters that were investigated to characterise the reactor were, oxygen supply pressure, crossflow velocity, temperature and module orientation. Observations from the experimental study indicated that when the system is controlled by pressure, crossflow does not have a significant effect on mass transfer. When the system is controlled by the convective transport from the membrane surface to the bulk liquid, pressure does not have a significant effect on mass transfer. All four effects that were investigated in the study are discussed.