Access to clean drinking water is very important to the health and well-being of the population. Mathematical modeling, optimization, and online estimation are needed to solve challenging problems in water network applications such as the requirement to meet the new dynamic regulations in the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Clean Water Act. This includes providing sufficient capacity to satisfy uncertain and changing water demands, maintaining consistent water quality, and identifying and responding to abnormal events. In most of these applications, reliable knowledge of the water flow velocity is necessary. However, in practice, few measurements are usually available. This work uses a nonlinear optimization framework to estimate the unknown water demands and velocities from limited measurements. The problem is formulated as a constrained nonlinear least squares estimation problem. The constraints represent the basic governing mass and energy conservation laws as well as some operational constraints. Given the limited number of flow measurements, the estimation problem is ill-posed. Non-unique solutions may exist in which many demand profiles can match the limited number of measurements. Offline estimates of the demand patterns based on historical data are used to regularize the problem and force a unique solution. In the first phase of this project, a hydraulic model was developed for water distribution systems. This model showed very good agreement when it was validated against the simulator EPANET using 3 case studies. In the second phase, the estimation formulation was tested using the same 3 case studies with different sensor configurations. In each of the case studies, estimation results are reasonable with fewer sensors than the available degrees of freedom.

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La région Méditerranéenne a été identifiée comme l'une des régions les plus vulnérables aux changements climatiques et anthropiques et constitue un des « hot-spots » mondiaux de crise de l'eau. Dans un tel contexte, les questions relatives à la gestion des ressources en eau se posent de manière accrue. Pour y faire face, des approches de modélisation intégrée associant l'évaluation de la disponibilité des ressources en eau et des demandes en eau sont proposées. Une chaîne méthodologique a été mise en place à l'échelle régionale, considérant des scénarios hydrologiques et d'usages de l'eau sous contraintes climatiques et incluant les objectifs de la Stratégie Méditerranéenne pour le Développement Durable en termes d'efficience hydraulique. Cette première approche permet d'évaluer la situation du stress hydrique en Méditerranée et son évolution à l'horizon 2050. Actuellement, le Sud et l'Est de la Méditerranée doivent faire face à un stress hydrique sévère, voire à une pénurie. D'ici 2050, les ressources en eau disponibles pourraient diminuer de l'ordre de 30 à 50 % tandis que les prélèvements devraient doubler. Le stress hydrique devrait ainsi augmenter sur l'ensemble du pourtour méditerranéen. Néanmoins, si les objectifs d'efficience sont atteints, les prélèvements en eau pourraient se stabiliser, voire même diminuer (10–40 %) dans certains bassins Nord méditerranéens. Le stress hydrique pourrait alors rester faible sur la rive Nord et être tempéré dans certains bassins de la rive Est. Une deuxième chaîne méthodologique a été développée à l'échelle du bassin de l'Ebre (Espagne) afin d'appréhender la satisfaction des demandes en eau environnementales, domestiques et agricoles. Le bassin a été divisé en 9 sous-bassins versants afin de considérer les différentes contraintes hydro-climatiques et l'influence des barrages principaux sur les régimes hydrologiques, auxquels ont été associés 11 sites de demande. Cette approche permet de définir les pressions actuelles sur le bassin et d'évaluer l'évolution de la capacité à satisfaire les demandes en eau sous contrainte de scénarios climatique, d'évolution démographique et d'expansion des surfaces irriguées à moyen terme. Actuellement, les demandes en eau sur le bassin versant de l'Ebre sont satisfaites. A l'horizon 2050, les écoulements printaniers et estivaux pourraient diminuer de 30 à 35 % en différents points du bassin. Les demandes en eau environnementales et domestiques devraient toujours être satisfaites, néanmoins, la capacité à satisfaire les besoins agricoles pourrait ne pas toujours être assurée au cours de la période estivale. Ces deux démarches établissent une confrontation entre l'offre et la demande en eau à différentes échelles et fournissent des indicateurs sur la capacité à satisfaire les demandes en eau sous contraintes climatiques et anthropiques. Elles constituent ainsi des approches originales pour évaluer la disponibilité actuelle et future des ressources en eau, identifier les régions où des tensions d'usages risquent de se produire et mieux orienter les stratégies d'adaptation. Dans un contexte de changements globaux, ce type d'exercice est fondamental pour soutenir les politiques de gestion de l'eau et encourage la co-construction de scénarios entre usagers, décisionnaires et scientifiques. / The Mediterranean basin has been identified as one of the world's most vulnerable regions to climatic and anthropogenic changes and constitutes a water crisis' hot spot. Under such context, questions on water resources management arise. Integrated methodologies taking into account evolution in water resources availability and water demands are thus generated. A first methodology accounting for the Mediterranean basin specific conditions is developed to assess the current and future water stress state of this region. The medium-term evolution of water stress is investigated using climatic scenarios and a water-use scenario based on efficiency improvements following the recommendations of the Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development. Currently, the southern and eastern rims are experiencing high to severe water stress. By the 2050 horizon, a 30–50% decline in freshwater resources is simulated over most of the Mediterranean basin and total water withdrawals are projected to double. Water stress could hence increase over the whole Mediterranean basin. If progresses in efficiency are reached, total water withdrawals would stabilize over the Mediterranean basin and even make them decrease (10–40%) in many northern catchments. Water stress could thus be tempered in some eastern catchments and kept to low on the northern rim. A second integrated water resources modelling framework was developed over the Ebro catchment (Spain) in order to evaluate water allocation for the domestic and agricultural sector as well as for environmental purposes. The catchment was divided into 9 sub-catchments to which 11 demand sites were attributed, in order to take into account the different hydro-climatic regimes and the influence of dams on hydrological regimes. This method defines current pressures applied to water resources and evaluates the evolution of water allocation by the medium term under climatic and water-use scenarios considering population growth and irrigated areas expansion. Currently, water demands are satisfied over the Ebro catchment. In 2050, water resources are projected to decline by 30-35% during the spring and summer seasons. Environmental and domestic water demands should still be satisfied but agricultural water demands could have to face severe water shortages during the summer season. These two modeling frameworks establish a dialogue between water resources and water demands at different space scales and give indexes on the capacity to satisfy water demands under climatic and anthropogenic scenarios. These studies provide original approaches to evaluate water resources current and future availability, to identify the most vulnerable regions to water use conflicts and to better orientate adaptation strategies. In a context of climatic and anthropogenic changes, such frameworks are a first step to better sustain water management policies and to support the co-construction of scenarios between users, policy-makers and scientists.

Limited freshwater supply is the most important challenge in water resources management, particularly in arid and semi-arid basins. However, other variations in a basin, including climate change, population growth, and economic development intensify this threat to water security. The Oldman River Basin (OMRB), located in southern Alberta, Canada, is a semi-arid basin and encompasses several water challenges, including uncertain water supply as well as increasing, uncertain water demands (consumptive irrigation, municipal, and industrial demands, and non-consumptive hydropower generation, and environmental demands). Reservoirs, of which the Oldman River Reservoir is the largest in the basin, are responsible for meeting most of demands, and, protecting the basin’s economy. The OMRB has also faced extreme natural events, floods and droughts, in the past, which reservoir management plays a critical role to adapt to. The complexity of the climate, hydrology, and water resource system and water governance escalates the challenges in the basin. These factors are highly interconnected and establish dynamic, non-linear behavior, which requires an integrated, feedback-based tool to investigate. Integrated water resources (IWRM) modelling using system dynamics (SD) is such an approach to tackle the different water challenges and understand their non-linear, dynamic pattern. In this research study the Sustainability-oriented Water Allocation, Management, and Planning (SWAMPOM) model for the Oldman River Basin is developed. SWAMPOM comprises a water allocation model, dynamic irrigation demand, instream flow needs (IFN), and economic evaluation sub-models. The water allocation model allocates water to all the above-mentioned demands at a weekly time step from 1928 to 2001, and under different water availability scenarios. Meeting irrigation demands relies on the crop water requirement (CWR), which is calculated under different climatic conditions by the dynamic irrigation demand sub-model. This sub-model estimates the weekly irrigation demand for main crops planted in the basin. SWAMPOM also computes environmental demands or instream flow need (IFN) for the Oldman River, and allocates water to rivers to meet IFN under different policy scenarios and uncertain water supply. Finally, the major water-related economic benefit in the basin, earned by agriculture and hydropower generation, is computed by the economic evaluation sub-model. The results show that SWAMPOM could reasonably satisfy the demands at a weekly time step and provide an adequate estimation of the crop water requirement under different hydrometeorological conditions. Based on the SWAMPOM’s results, the average annual irrigation demand is 306 mm over the historical time period from 1928 to 2001 in the main irrigation districts. The average weekly instream flow need of the Oldman River is calculated to be approximately 20.5 m3/s, which can be met in more than 97% of weeks in the historical time period. Average annual water-related economic benefit was computed to be 192.5 M$ in the OMRB. It decreased to 82.8 M$ in very dry years, and increased up to 328.6 M$ in very wet years. This research also developed different sets of Oldman Reservoir’s operation zones, resulting in trade-offs between the optimal economic benefit, water allocated to the ecosystem, minimum floodwater and minimum flood frequency. This helps decision makers to decide how much water should be stored in the reservoir to meet a specific objective while not sacrificing others. A multi-objective performance assessment, Pareto curve approach, is applied to identify the optimal trade-offs between the four objective functions (OFs), and 18 different optimal, or close to optimal sets of operating zones are provided. The decision regarding the operating zones depends on decision makers’ preference for higher economic benefit, water allocated to IFN, or flood security. However, the set of operating zones with minimum floodwater causes 11 less flood events; the operating zones with maximum economic benefits result in 4.1% more financial gain; and the zones with maximum water allocated to IFN lead to 10.1% more ecosystem protection in the whole 74 years, compared to current zones.