Thesis (M.Env.St)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geographical and Environmental Studies, 2001. / Bibliography: leaves 61-64.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, March, 1990. / Title from PDF t.p.

Thesis (M. P. A.)--Texas State University-San Marcos, 2006. / "Summer 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-86).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--George Mason University, 2008. / Vita: p. 179. Thesis director: Lee M. Talbot. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science and Public Policy. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 18, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 148-149). Also issued in print.

Thesis--University of Wisconsin. / At head of title: The University of Wisconsin, Final report. Added t.p., with thesis statement. Project supported by P.L. 88-379, Office of Water Resources Research, Dept. of the Interior, and the University of Wisconsin. Fund no.: 14:01-0001-820; OWRR no.: A-007-Wisc.; WRC no.: 65-005. Bibliography: leaves 202-207.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1996. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-106). Also available online.

Thesis (doctoral)--Wageningen Universiteit, 2006. / "Propositions" page inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

<p>This study aimed to characterize the impact of treatment infrastructure upgrades on the occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) discharged by a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and their subsequent effects on fish endocrine function. This site has been evaluated before and after two major upgrades in wastewater treatment infrastructure, which were implemented in 2007 and 2012. Our study assessed the potential impacts on the Boulder Creek receiving water, as well as identified and evaluated the extent of estrogenic endocrine disruption in the native fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) that may be occurring after the implementation of the 2012 upgrade. We conducted an integrative, 8-week, on-site, continuous-flow, exposure experiment using adult male fathead minnows to assess in vivo estrogenicity of the WWTP effluent water, relative to reference water and results from prior years (both pre- and post-upgrade). We collected data for a wide array of biological endpoints. Results for plasma vitellogenin concentrations and sperm development were emphasized. It was found that in vivo effluent estrogenicity following the 2012 upgrade was insignificant in comparison to pre-upgrade levels. However, the occurrence of an extreme flood event in the Boulder area resulted in the detection of some significant effluent estrogenicity, indicating that such conditions may impact the ability of WWTPs to effectively remove estrogenic EDCs from the effluent.

<p> Today billions of people live without access to basic sanitation facilities, and thousands die every week due to diseases caused by fecal contamination associated with improper sanitation. It has thus become crucial for decision makers to have access to relevant and sufficient data to implement appropriate solutions to these problems. The Global Water Pathogen Project <u> http://www.waterpathogens.org/</u> is dedicated to providing an up-to-date source of data on pathogen reduction associated with different sanitation technologies that are important if the world is to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to health and sanitation provision. In this research, a subset of the Global Water Pathogen Project (GWPP) data is used to access the reduction of bacteria and viruses across different mechanical and natural sanitation technologies. The order of expected removal for bacteria during wastewater treatment was reported as highest for a membrane bioreactor (4.4 log10), waste stabilization pond (2.3 log10), conventional activated sludge (1.43 log10), anaerobic anoxic oxic activated sludge (1.9 log10), trickling filter (1.16 log10), and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (1.2 log10). </p><p> Furthermore, the order of expected removal for viruses was reported as highest for a membrane bioreactor (3.3 log10), conventional activated sludge (1.84 log10), anaerobic anoxic oxic activated sludge (1.67 log10), waste stabilization pond (1 log10), upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (0.3 log10) and trickling filter (0.29 log10). It was found that hydraulic retention time (HRT) had a statistically significant relation to the reduction of bacteria in an anaerobic, anoxic oxic treatment system. Similarly, a significant relation was found between the number of waste stabilization ponds in series and the expected reduction of bacteria. HRT was also found to be a significant factor in virus reduction in waste stabilization ponds. Additionally, it was observed that waste stabilization ponds, trickling filters, and UASB reactors could obtain a greater reduction in bacteria (5&ndash;7 log10) when combined with additional treatment (e.g., chemical disinfection or use of maturation ponds). Also, mechanized systems, such as activated sludge systems and membrane bioreactors, obtained a greater reduction (2&ndash;3 log10) of viruses when compared to a natural system. It was concluded that the selection of the best suitable technology for pathogen reduction depends on environmental, design, and operational factors as well as considering the performance of specific wastewater treatment systems individually as well as when combined with other treatment technologies that may provide added removal of microbial constituents. </p><p>

<p> The goal of this study was to identify practical, cost-effective drinking water source protection measures in the Comarca Ng&auml;be-Bugl&eacute;, a remote indigenous region of Panama. Water samples from 40 spring captures were tested for <i>E. coli</i> and total coliforms, and quality results were then compared with maintenance and source protection criteria using odds ratios. The water was contaminated; only two samples passed Panamanian drinking water standards--0 CFU/100 ml for <i>E. coli</i> and 3 CFU/100 ml for total coliforms. Mean <i>E. coli</i> was 187 CFU/100 ml and mean total coliforms was 2036 CFU/100 ml. Few odds ratio tests of source protection practices produced statistically significant results. However, the presence of animals within ten meters of the source and cleaning out the spring capture structure had statistically significant relationships with water quality at some contamination thresholds. Surprisingly, at one threshold, the presence of surface water near the spring was unrelated to water quality. Protecting water sources from livestock can be complicated in this region by ambiguous land tenure laws. Likewise, cleaning and basic maintenance are often done on a volunteer basis, and thus subject to the limitations of the community management model. Panamanian and foreign organizations seeking to improve drinking water source quality should consider these complex issues and offer financial and technical support as they encourage source protection improvements.</p>