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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Thermographic Measurements of Hot Materials Using a Low- to High-speed RGB-camera : Prospect of RGB-cameras Within the Field of Thermographic Measurements

Berndtsson, Therese January 2019 (has links)
Monitoring the thermal behavior of material while heated or cooled is of great importance in order to understand the structural behavior of materials. This thesis aims to investigate the prospects for imaging hot materials using an RGB-camera. The main motivation of using an RGB-camera is the very simple set-up and, in comparison to thermal IR-cameras, low price. A method and code enabling thermographic measurements in the temperature range of 800°C up to 1500°C has been produced. Calibration of the RGB-camera was made, the accuracy was predicted to be poor within the temperature range of 1000°C up to about 1200°C. The poor accuracy of the calibration within this range has its source in the non-linear (and irregular) response of the CMOS sensor prohibiting a valid exposure time function to be accurately determined. The calibration is thus performed with different settings (i.e different exposure times and aperture settings) but without any correction for the setting change. The validation experiments were performed in (or very close to) the temperatures where the temperature error was predicted to be the largest. An under-estimation of approximately 30-50°C in the temperature range between 950°C and 1015°C could be seen corresponding to an absolute error of about 3-5% in this temperature range. The accuracy is however thought to increase with the temperature above a temperature of approximately 1250°C . It is possible to perform a temperature transform of target images with temperatures above 1500°C since the Look-up-table produced for the temperature transform extends to about 3000°C . However, the accuracy is unknown since no calibration or validation experiments within these ranges were performed. The result of the calibration and experiments along with the theoretical assessment within the thesis gave background to the discussion of optimal imaging system for thermographic measurements. In order to receive more accurate temperature measurements, a CCD-sensor is to prefer since producing more uniform images with a more linear and predictable response. This would most likely enable the implementation of the camera setting influence. To receive better color accuracy but mainly to prevent channel overlap a system using three sensors instead of one (as for the current imaging system) is to prefer. This would result in larger freedom of channel choice and thus, the temperature transform can somewhat be customized for the specific measured temperature ranges. A brief discussion concerning the overall choice of camera was also brought up. Since the temperature range is large and the red, green and blue channels are sensitive to temperature changes the demands on the sensor dynamic range will be high in order to receive a linear response, or even a fully predictable response, across the whole temperature range. A suggested option to the RGB-camera, still offering the very simple set up, is a dual-wavelength camera in the near (or medium wavelength) infrared range. / Kartläggning av materialförändringar vid uppvärmning eller nedkylning är av stor betydelse för förståelsen för ett materials strukturella beteende. Denna masteruppsatts syftar till att utforska utsikterna för termisk avbildning av varma material med en RGB-kamera. I detta inkluderas kalibrering av kamera, validerings experiment och teoretiska efterforskningar. Det huvudsakliga motivet för användning av en RGB-kamera är den enkla uppställningen (endast en kamera där de olika färg-lagren är alignerade) och det, i jämförelse med många IR-kameror, låga priset. En metod och en kod som möjliggör termografiska mätningar (både video och stillbild) inom temperaturområdet 800°C till 1500°C har tagits fram där kalibrering av kameran är inkluderat. Efter utförd kalibrering förutspåddes att noggrannheten av mätningarna mest troligt skulle vara bristfälliga i området 1000°C upp till cirka 1200°C.  Denna bristfälliga noggrannheten har sin grund i den icke-linjära (och i vissa fall oregelbundna) sensorresponsen vilket, i huvudsak, försvårade bestämning av exponeringstidens signalinflytande. Med anledning av detta gjordes en kalibrering med fixa inställningar, det vill säga; fixa exponeringstider och bländarinställningar för mätningar inom specifika temperaturområden, men utan korrigering vid förändring av kamerainställningar. Valideringsexperimenten som utfördes var i (eller mycket nära) det temperaturområde där de största temperaturavvikelserna förutspåddes vara.  Utförd validering av metod för temperaturavbildning visade att mätningen med RGB-kameran underskattade temperaturerna med cirka 30-50°C i temperaturområdet mellan 975-1015° motsvarar ett absolut fel på cirka 3-5% inom detta temperaturområde. Det är dock troligt att noggrannheten av mätningarna ökar då temperaturerna av det avbildade objektet är större än 1250°C då man i kalibreringsprocessen kunde se mindre avvikelser i detta område.  Med producerad look-up table (skapad i kalibreringsprocessen) är det möjligt att utföra temperaturtransformationer för avbildningar av objekt som har temperaturer över 1500°C, dock med okända osäkerheter då varken kalibrerings- eller valideringsexperiment har utförts för så pass höga temperaturer.  Resultatet av kalibreringen och experimenten, tillsammans med en teoretisk utredning av begränsningar och möjliga förbättringar vid termografiska mätningar, lade grunden till diskussion gällande optimalt bildsystem. Rekommendationer för att i framtiden utföra mer exakta termografiska mätningar med en RGB-kamera togs fram där en 3-CCD kamera föreslogs för att förbättra mätresultaten.  En CCD sensor är att föredra framför en CMOS sensor då de icke-verkliga pixel-avvikelserna inte är lika kritiska för en CCD-sensor som för en CMOS-sensor. CCD-sensorn är dessutom i många aspekter mer tillförlitlig vid vetenskapliga mätningar och har oftast mer linjär och förutsägbar respons vilket mest troligt skulle möjliggöra inkludering av exponeringstidens signalinflytande.  En kort diskussion gällande val av kanaler (våglängdsområden) som kan användas vid temperaturmätningar tas även upp i avhandlingen. Eftersom temperatur-mätområdet är stort och den röda, gröna och blå kanalen är känsliga för temperaturförändringar (liten förändring av temperatur ger stor förändring i uppmätt emission) så kommer kravet på det dynamiska omfånget av sensorn vara högt.  Ett alternativ till RGB-kameran, som fortfarande har en enkel uppställning, är en dubbel-sensor-kamera med ett dubbelt bandpass-filter i det när-infraröda (NIR) området. Detta kräver dock en utredning för hur sensorer i detta område påverkar den uppmätta signalen.
2

Optické vlastnosti organických polovodičů / Organic semiconductors properties

Kočer, Martin January 2013 (has links)
This diploma thesis deals with optical properties of organic semiconductors and measuring method of absorption edge. Project is focused on absorption of light in organic semiconductors. This work also describes device for measuring of absorption edge.
3

Nouveaux concepts de nano-filtres infrarouges à l'échelle du pixel / Novel concepts of nano-scale structures for pixelated filtering in the infrared range

Macé, Léopold 24 October 2018 (has links)
Dans le domaine du proche infrarouge et du moyen infrarouge (3-10 µm), les besoins évoluent vers une plus grande complexité des fonctions optiques et un niveau d'intégration plus élevé des systèmes. Ceci est particulièrement vrai dans un contexte spatial ou aéronautique visant à l'observation de la terre, où l'on cherche simultanément à accroître le nombre de bandes spectrales acquises et à miniaturiser les systèmes d'observation. Cela se traduit notamment par une pixellisation des filtres afin que ceux-ci soient intégrés dans une matrice réalisant plusieurs fonctions optiques. Or, les méthodes traditionnelles de fabrication de filtres optiques utilisant des empilements de couches minces n'ont pas démontré leur capacité à répondre au besoin de pixellisation dans l'infrarouge. C'est pourquoi il est nécessaire d'étudier de nouveaux concepts de filtrages issus du domaine de la photonique permettant de s'affranchir de ces limitations. Les "zero-contrast gratings" (ZCG),qui constituent une sous-catégorie des réseaux résonnants, ont démontré leur capacité à réaliser des filtres en transmission accordables de grande efficacité dans le proche-infrarouge, tout en ayant une structure très simple. Néanmoins, leur faible bande passante et leur tolérance angulaire réduite en limitent la pertinence pour des applications pixellisées dans le moyen-infrarouge. Nous présentons dans cette thèse diverses structures basées sur ce même concept de ZCG. D'une part nous introduisons des filtres 1D doublement corrugués de bande passante variant entre 1 et 200 nm, dont les tailles de pixels accessibles sont de l'ordre de 100 µm, accordables sur une bande de 200 nm. D'autre part, nous avons développé un nouveau concept de filtre, dit "ZCG TE/TM" dont le fonctionnement permet de dépasser une limitation très restrictive des ZCGs conventionnels pour le choix des matériaux. La fabricabilité de ces dispositifs a été démontrée lors d'opérations technologiques menées en salle blanche. Un premier démonstrateur de filtre 1D doublement corrugué été caractérisé optiquement. / In the near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectral domains (3-10 µm), requirements and needs evolve toward more complex optical functions and highly-integrated systems. This is especially relevant in the context of space and aeronautics applications for earth observation, where the aim is to increase the number of acquired spectral bands while simultaneously reducing the device footprint. These requirements translate into a pixelization of the filters so that they can be integrated into a mosaic which also performs the spatial filtering and different spectral functions. As of today, conventional thin films filter technologies haven't been shown to achieve this goal. As a result, different filtering concepts originating from the field of photonics which could overcome these limitations must be investigated. "Zero-contrast gratings" (ZCG) are a kind of guided-mode resonance filters that have proved to implement efficient tunable transmission filters in the MIR, while having a very simple structure. Nevertheless, their narrow transmission linewidth and weak angular acceptance hinder their applicability for pixelated applications in the MIR. We present in this work several structures based on the ZCG concept. On the one hand, we have introduced doubly-corrugated 1D filters with bandwidths ranging from 1 to 200 nm, allowing for 100 µm pixel sizes and tunable over a domain of 200 nm. On the other hand, we have shown a novel filtering concept, which we called "TE/TM ZCG". This new generation of ZCG is not bound by stringent material requirements inherent to conventionnal ZCGs. Their fabrica- bility have been demonstrated through cleanroom operations. A first doubly-corrugated 1D filter has been fabricated and characterized optically.
4

Desenvolvimento de algoritmos de roteamento e atribuição de comprimentos de onda para as redes opticas inteligentes e transparentes / Development of routing and wavelenght assignement algorithms for intelligent and transparent optical networks

Dante, Reinaldo Golmia 25 May 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Edson Moschim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T19:40:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dante_ReinaldoGolmia_D.pdf: 5560458 bytes, checksum: a0ff22b15404f7232c1e6c38c9668fdc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresentam-se algumas contribuições para o estudo de redes ópticas inteligentes e transparentes, por exemplo: Redes Ópticas Comutáveis Automaticamente (ASON), no que tange aos protocolos de roteamento e atribuição de comprimentos de onda para o estabelecimento de conexões fim-a-fim em ambientes distribuídos. Os resultados deste trabalho foram obtidos através da simulação dos algoritmos de roteamento e atribuição de comprimentos de onda desenvolvidos em C++. Para que o estudo pudesse ser feito, foram adotadas algumas topologias de rede comerciais e hipotéticas para a comparação de desempenho entre os algoritmos de roteamento e atribuição de comprimentos de onda propostos e os clássicos de modo a identificar as diferenças de comportamento destes algoritmos nas redes ópticas em diversas situações, incluindo as condições de restrição de alcance dos canais ópticos e a continuidade do comprimento de onda no estabelecimento de uma conexão fim-a-fim. Os resultados mostraram que os algoritmos de roteamento e de atribuição de comprimentos de onda propostos são eficientes para o funcionamento destas redes, provendo desempenhos iguais ou superiores em relação aos demais algoritmos de roteamento e atribuição de comprimentos de onda tradicionais medidos em termos da probabilidade de bloqueio dos pedidos de conexão. Como conseqüência, estes algoritmos propostos demonstraram que são capazes de aperfeiçoar o QoS óptico nas redes ópticas inteligentes e transparentes / Abstract: In this work, we present contributions to the routing and wavelength assignment protocols in transparent and intelligent optical networks such as Automatically Switched Optical Networks (ASON) for end-to-end connection establishment on the distributed environments. The results of this work were obtained through simulation of the routing and wavelengh assignment algorithms which were developed in C++. For this study, some commercially and hypothetical network topologies were adopted to compare the performance of the proposed routing and wavelengh assignment algorithms with traditional ones in order to identify the differences of those algorithm performance. Studies were carried out in optical networks under several conditions such as the limit of optical transmission reach and wavelength-continuity constraints for end-to-end connection establishment. The results have shown that the proposed routing and wavelengh assignment algorithms are efficient for use in these networks, providing equal or higher performance than traditional routing and wavelengh assignment algorithms measured in terms of blocking probability of the connection requests. Consequently, the proposed algorithms showed that they are able to improve the optical QoS in transparent and intelligent optical networks / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

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